This article focuses on the morphological dimension of urban design ;that is the layout and configuration of urban form and space and referred to traditional and modernist urban space system.Morphology provides urban designers to understandlocal patterns of development and processes of change.there several key elements for terms of setlements.Conzen considered four elements that are land uses, building structures, plot pattern and street pattern.
On the cotrary other key elements, the land uses are temporary. The changing uses lead to redevolopment and creation of new buildings and changes in the street pattern.
The building structures areleast resilient element same as land uses.plot have often a recognisable progression or cycle of building development.
The figure –ground diagrams shows differencee between traditional and modernist urban spaces. İn this diagram, the important point is that in the tarditional pattern buildings defined urban spaces and have some civic significance as religious or major public buildings, in modernist pattern buildings separate pavillions freestanding in a more generalised type of road and a coarsely meshed road grid.
Symbolic and financial buildings will last longer than others for a variety reasons.on the other hand other buildings survive only if they are able to adapt to new or changing uses.
The buildings of plots change more rapidly than plot patterns. Cadastral units are typically subdivided or platted into plots or lots. Plots are often amalgamated, but more rarely subdivided.
the cadastral pattern is the layout of urban blocks and,between them, the public space/movement channels or public network.in this part, term ‘palimpsest’ is an important metaphor for processes of change, where current uses overwrite, but naot completelly erase, the Marks of prior use. The other importance is permeability for urban design quality, establishe by cadastral pattern.it can be use like a measure of opportunity movement and related accesibility.permeability requares two measure elements that are visiual and phisical permeability.visiual refers to the ağabeylity to see the routes through an environment, phisical refers to the ability to move through an environment. blocks that is on the street define measure of permeability.for example, smaller bloks increase visiual permeability. Another thing that should be concerned is urban grids that are defomed in cours of time. The urban grid’s structure is the most powerful single determinant of urban movement.
The cadastral pattern establishes an urban area’s public network and is a key element in the broader concept of the capital web. Capital web requares public anad privite properties and provides to accomodates the overlapping realms of mpvement space and social space.
The traditional understanding relates to between social life and phisical enviroment and traditional pattern of urban space, building structures composes definete streets and also squares,. On the other hand in modernist urban space pattern building structures transforms to be an object in the undefined space.
6 Haziran 2008 Cuma
5 Haziran 2008 Perşembe
IMPLEMENTING URBAN DESIGN
This article focuses on the development process in the Project and urban desıgners lacking awareness about this process. And this issue is mentioned under four main sactions as land and property development, the development piple model, development roles and actors and development quality.
Land and Property Development process involves combination of various inputs; Land, Labour, Materials, Finance in order to achieve an output and product in ordar to achive an output or product.This is a classic entrepreneur system.İn this process risk and reward sre important part that drives process.The product is a change of land use and a new or altered building, intended to have higher value than the cost of the transformation. Mıcheal Ball clarifies this process as a function of social relations specific to time and place, involving a variety of key actors suc as landowners, investors, financiers, developers, bulders etc.
In this article , four models provide us to understand this process more easly.These :
Equilibrum Models:Development activity is originated economic signals about effective demand.
Event-sequence Model:focused on the management of stages in the development process.
Agency Models: focusedn the actors and their relationships in the development process.
Institutional Models:focused on organise the relationships and drive the dynamics of process.
The development piple model is an event sequence model that includes urban designers actions such as acting for developer, acting for public sector and satge as development pressure and prospects, development feasibilty and implementation. İn this model summerises urban desıgners role at eachother. The external influences creates development pressure and prospespects which tigger activity within the pipeline. İn the development feasibility is tested in five ways. The first way is ownership constraints that are known from developers. Multiple ownership carry out the Project. Otherwise public sector can be used to facilitate land assembly. Secand way is phisical conditions that determines whether the site can accommodate the proposed development, its phisicah conditions are assessed.A good urban form might be internal and and might limit or determine density, massing and height, guided by. The third way is public procedures that relate to the site and proposed development must be assessedi including the likelihood of obtaining planning/development consent.Contents may also be requared for a range of issues pertaining to land and property ownership; conversation; diversion and actions. The other two ways of development feasibility are market condition and poject viability.
In the developmet process, it is important to identify the actors and development roles in the Project.And two terms are mentioned hat are agency and structure.Agency is the term for rhe way in which development actors define and pursue their strategies, interests and actions, Structure consisting of the economic and political activity and prevalling values, that frame individual decision-making. There are various actors that are developers, landowner,adjacent landowner, funders and investors, funders, funders and investors,development advisers, builders, occupiers, the public sector and last one is community in this article. Defferent actors perform different roles in the dvelopment process. Althouh, fort he purpose of analysis, roles are considered individually, in practice a single actor often performans several roles.
In coclusion, in development process each actors have different thoughts and role in urban projent. These differences effect quality of urban design. In the absence of mechanisms , in contrast to higher architectural quality will be compensated that investment in quality will be compansated by addiitional value.
Land and Property Development process involves combination of various inputs; Land, Labour, Materials, Finance in order to achieve an output and product in ordar to achive an output or product.This is a classic entrepreneur system.İn this process risk and reward sre important part that drives process.The product is a change of land use and a new or altered building, intended to have higher value than the cost of the transformation. Mıcheal Ball clarifies this process as a function of social relations specific to time and place, involving a variety of key actors suc as landowners, investors, financiers, developers, bulders etc.
In this article , four models provide us to understand this process more easly.These :
Equilibrum Models:Development activity is originated economic signals about effective demand.
Event-sequence Model:focused on the management of stages in the development process.
Agency Models: focusedn the actors and their relationships in the development process.
Institutional Models:focused on organise the relationships and drive the dynamics of process.
The development piple model is an event sequence model that includes urban designers actions such as acting for developer, acting for public sector and satge as development pressure and prospects, development feasibilty and implementation. İn this model summerises urban desıgners role at eachother. The external influences creates development pressure and prospespects which tigger activity within the pipeline. İn the development feasibility is tested in five ways. The first way is ownership constraints that are known from developers. Multiple ownership carry out the Project. Otherwise public sector can be used to facilitate land assembly. Secand way is phisical conditions that determines whether the site can accommodate the proposed development, its phisicah conditions are assessed.A good urban form might be internal and and might limit or determine density, massing and height, guided by. The third way is public procedures that relate to the site and proposed development must be assessedi including the likelihood of obtaining planning/development consent.Contents may also be requared for a range of issues pertaining to land and property ownership; conversation; diversion and actions. The other two ways of development feasibility are market condition and poject viability.
In the developmet process, it is important to identify the actors and development roles in the Project.And two terms are mentioned hat are agency and structure.Agency is the term for rhe way in which development actors define and pursue their strategies, interests and actions, Structure consisting of the economic and political activity and prevalling values, that frame individual decision-making. There are various actors that are developers, landowner,adjacent landowner, funders and investors, funders, funders and investors,development advisers, builders, occupiers, the public sector and last one is community in this article. Defferent actors perform different roles in the dvelopment process. Althouh, fort he purpose of analysis, roles are considered individually, in practice a single actor often performans several roles.
In coclusion, in development process each actors have different thoughts and role in urban projent. These differences effect quality of urban design. In the absence of mechanisms , in contrast to higher architectural quality will be compensated that investment in quality will be compansated by addiitional value.
The Temporal Dimension
This article concerns the temporal or time dimension of urban design. İn circulation of time, space turns into a lived-in places.Kevin Lynch focuses on two ways to experience the passage of time.These ways are rhytmic repetiton and progressive and irreversible change.Time and sapce particularly related. For Patrick, Geddes, a city is more than a place in space, it is a drama in time.
İn this artichle three temporal dimensions are discussed. These are;
Time Cycle
The Time Management of Public Space
The Time Management of Public Space
The first dimension is time cycle which is based on natural rhytmic repetition. This process is to form of cycle and affects sleeping and waking and other bodily cycles.Except these, time cycle to originates Earth’s rotation, seasons, rotation around the sun, daytime etc. And also at different times of day and night, the urban enviroment is used different users and different activities.So changing rhtyms of time is significant part of urban design for understanding a life in a day of a space. On the other hand some of time cycles by which we structure our lives have less relation to natural cycles. Zerubavel argues that much of our daily lives is structured according to ‘mechanic time’. These are dictated by svhedule, the celander and the clock.
The secand dimension is The Time Management of Public Space.Mixed uses have generally been advocted on the basis that they creat more life and activity in a location. Different land uses and activity must also concidered in temporal terms. İn different times, different activities provides spaces to used more time and people.So Urban designers can understand activity patternsi how to encourage activities through different time periods and how to achive synergies from activities happening in the same space and time. On the other hand, montgomery stresses that attention to the soft infrastacture of events, programmes and activities is as impotant for sucsesful urban animation as the hard infrastructure of buildings, spaces, streets design.
Another important part to concerned about safely urban spaces. People choose attractive and safe public realm. And there is dead period in city. This time generally is working hours.this stiation arises from 24 hour economy.
The march of time is mentioned about changing of environments. Environments and buildings are shaped by thecnological, economic, social and cultural change.All time physical fabric of a place changes it history. İn this way it becames part of history.Until Industrial Revolution cities were changing in its natural processes but war and destruction provide scale of change to increase.City growth has became mechanical.Then in 1945, slum clearance programmes became. And scale of change was continuitly increase.By the mid 1960s, the social effects were becaming evident and conversation and protection terms oin the areas were exposed. According to contemporary concept of urban place, the unique places and historic environments, buildings must conserve. İn the part of conservation Desdall list more common justifications;Value for aesthetic Value for architectural diversity and contrast.Value for environmental Value for functional diversityResource Value Value for Continuity of cultural memory and heritageEconomic Value Commercial Value
The overlapping concepts o resilience and robustrness are sometimes used interchangeablely, There are impotant differences, however. Resilience is the ağabeylity to resist change wihout undeu deformation: that is, it resists phisical and structure obsolescence. Robutness is the ağabeylity to accommodate change without significiant in physical form. It resists functional obsolescence.Under all these interventions fundamental point is management.
İn this artichle three temporal dimensions are discussed. These are;
Time Cycle
The Time Management of Public Space
The Time Management of Public Space
The first dimension is time cycle which is based on natural rhytmic repetition. This process is to form of cycle and affects sleeping and waking and other bodily cycles.Except these, time cycle to originates Earth’s rotation, seasons, rotation around the sun, daytime etc. And also at different times of day and night, the urban enviroment is used different users and different activities.So changing rhtyms of time is significant part of urban design for understanding a life in a day of a space. On the other hand some of time cycles by which we structure our lives have less relation to natural cycles. Zerubavel argues that much of our daily lives is structured according to ‘mechanic time’. These are dictated by svhedule, the celander and the clock.
The secand dimension is The Time Management of Public Space.Mixed uses have generally been advocted on the basis that they creat more life and activity in a location. Different land uses and activity must also concidered in temporal terms. İn different times, different activities provides spaces to used more time and people.So Urban designers can understand activity patternsi how to encourage activities through different time periods and how to achive synergies from activities happening in the same space and time. On the other hand, montgomery stresses that attention to the soft infrastacture of events, programmes and activities is as impotant for sucsesful urban animation as the hard infrastructure of buildings, spaces, streets design.
Another important part to concerned about safely urban spaces. People choose attractive and safe public realm. And there is dead period in city. This time generally is working hours.this stiation arises from 24 hour economy.
The march of time is mentioned about changing of environments. Environments and buildings are shaped by thecnological, economic, social and cultural change.All time physical fabric of a place changes it history. İn this way it becames part of history.Until Industrial Revolution cities were changing in its natural processes but war and destruction provide scale of change to increase.City growth has became mechanical.Then in 1945, slum clearance programmes became. And scale of change was continuitly increase.By the mid 1960s, the social effects were becaming evident and conversation and protection terms oin the areas were exposed. According to contemporary concept of urban place, the unique places and historic environments, buildings must conserve. İn the part of conservation Desdall list more common justifications;Value for aesthetic Value for architectural diversity and contrast.Value for environmental Value for functional diversityResource Value Value for Continuity of cultural memory and heritageEconomic Value Commercial Value
The overlapping concepts o resilience and robustrness are sometimes used interchangeablely, There are impotant differences, however. Resilience is the ağabeylity to resist change wihout undeu deformation: that is, it resists phisical and structure obsolescence. Robutness is the ağabeylity to accommodate change without significiant in physical form. It resists functional obsolescence.Under all these interventions fundamental point is management.
CONTEXTS FOR URBAN DESIGN
This article discusses types of contexts that are local, global, market and regulatory.these are related to alla re of urban desıgn action. At the same time these contexts can be changed over time but they are relatively fived and typically outside the scope of the urban designer. Important point is that they have to be accepted as givens. They also underpin and inform the discussions the dimensions of urban design.however there is an important problem , while urban designers can make discussions about a devolopment’s form or visual appearance, they cannot change the fact that is stiuated in a particular local and global context, or that it occurs whitin a market economy that is regulated to a greater or lesser extent.
local contextUrban design action involves public realm strategy and development of project. These include site and site plus. At the same time these are part of context of area.İn general, the larger the Project, the greater its scope to control or create its own context.Each place’s unique quality can be its most precious design resource, with urban designers frequently operating within established, generally
Complex, and often delicate contexts.Areas of highly unified character generally requare more respectful responses, while areas of low environmental quality offer greater opportunity for the creation of new character.Most areas fall between these extremes. Equally, while not of particular historic or aesthetic quality, they may also be valued for their social or cultural qualities.
The concept of context requare not only immadiate surroundings but also whole city.İt included topography, land value, patterns of land use and microclimate, history and symbolic significance etc.İmportant point is that understanding local sococultural contexts and cultural differences.Because people use the built envoroment. On the other hand, people choices create distinctive local cultures that shape and reinforce their enviroments.And the other one is technology that provides new opportunities.However we are less conscious of it is actually happining and more aware in retrospect.
global contextlocal and global are related to eachother. Local actions have global impacts and consequences, while global actions have local impacts and consequances. Local and global contexts have dialectical relationship. this article discusses impact on design decisions at many levels that are the integration of new development with existing built form and infrastructure, the range of uses a development contains, site layout and design and the design of individual buildings.
the concept of sustainable development includes not only environmental, but also economic and social sustainability.Urban designers need to have regard to social impacts and long term economic viability, as well as environmental impacts.
Adevelopment’s environmental impact can be likened to footprint.More sustainable urban design involves reducing the total environmental footprint.consequence Lang assuming that thecnology will always find an answer, urban designers should take an envirimentally begin position, designing flexible. Even thought, in the short term, people are likely to continue to use their cars.
The market& regulatory contextİn these two context contexts focus on different sides of the same coin. As most of us live in market economies, most urban design actions occure within a context based on fundemental forces of supply and demand.Hence, urban design actions typically occur in market economies that are regulated to a greater or lesser extent.
To operate effectively, urban design practitioners need to understand the financial and economic processes by which places and developments came about.
The regulatory context is macro govermental context, which provides the overall context fort he detailed elaboration of public policy, includibg urban design policy and the operation of design control.
An important part of the regulatory context is the balance public and private sectors. Depending on the sectoral viewpoint, development will often be perceived differently.
local contextUrban design action involves public realm strategy and development of project. These include site and site plus. At the same time these are part of context of area.İn general, the larger the Project, the greater its scope to control or create its own context.Each place’s unique quality can be its most precious design resource, with urban designers frequently operating within established, generally
Complex, and often delicate contexts.Areas of highly unified character generally requare more respectful responses, while areas of low environmental quality offer greater opportunity for the creation of new character.Most areas fall between these extremes. Equally, while not of particular historic or aesthetic quality, they may also be valued for their social or cultural qualities.
The concept of context requare not only immadiate surroundings but also whole city.İt included topography, land value, patterns of land use and microclimate, history and symbolic significance etc.İmportant point is that understanding local sococultural contexts and cultural differences.Because people use the built envoroment. On the other hand, people choices create distinctive local cultures that shape and reinforce their enviroments.And the other one is technology that provides new opportunities.However we are less conscious of it is actually happining and more aware in retrospect.
global contextlocal and global are related to eachother. Local actions have global impacts and consequences, while global actions have local impacts and consequances. Local and global contexts have dialectical relationship. this article discusses impact on design decisions at many levels that are the integration of new development with existing built form and infrastructure, the range of uses a development contains, site layout and design and the design of individual buildings.
the concept of sustainable development includes not only environmental, but also economic and social sustainability.Urban designers need to have regard to social impacts and long term economic viability, as well as environmental impacts.
Adevelopment’s environmental impact can be likened to footprint.More sustainable urban design involves reducing the total environmental footprint.consequence Lang assuming that thecnology will always find an answer, urban designers should take an envirimentally begin position, designing flexible. Even thought, in the short term, people are likely to continue to use their cars.
The market& regulatory contextİn these two context contexts focus on different sides of the same coin. As most of us live in market economies, most urban design actions occure within a context based on fundemental forces of supply and demand.Hence, urban design actions typically occur in market economies that are regulated to a greater or lesser extent.
To operate effectively, urban design practitioners need to understand the financial and economic processes by which places and developments came about.
The regulatory context is macro govermental context, which provides the overall context fort he detailed elaboration of public policy, includibg urban design policy and the operation of design control.
An important part of the regulatory context is the balance public and private sectors. Depending on the sectoral viewpoint, development will often be perceived differently.
SOURCH OF ARCHITECTURAL FORM
This article focus on the central of problem of design theory: what is the source of an architect’s design ideas? And How is this idea generated, What influence its shape, from what is derived? This is the most importan question for urban theory. Otherwise, the theory try to explore what important theorists from the ancient world to the present have offered as the source of architectural form.and then it is also examine these theories within the broader context of the history of western philisopy. The following cahpter, İt also mentions five theories thatprovide the conceptual foundations for most of historical theories.
The first theory is that an architectural form is shaped by its intended function.in this theory, intension function is important for this process.İt cab be include social, symbolic, psychological and physical function.According to this theory, designer must find latently informations that are about client’s needs, climotological conditions, community value.However the theory of function alone cannot explain these other influences on the buildings form.
The secand theory is that architectural form is generated within the creative imagination. İn this theory, intuition of designer is important for ancreation of original form. So an original form never before seen magically blossoms in the brain and emerges from the pencil.
The third theory is that Architectural form is shaped by the prevailing spirit of the age. İn this theory, the period time is important in process of design. So ever age can give different things than preceding time.
The fourth theory is that Architectural form is determined by the prevailing social and economic conditions.this theory mentions some forces which effect designer.this forces are identified the methods of economic production and distribution prevalent in architect’s society.
The five theory is that Architectural form derives from timeless principles of form that tanscend particular designers, cultures and climates.this theory mentions about an universal form in architecture and it isn’t important what the particular cicumstances of the design problem, designer or culture.
All of these theories aren’t able to persuade about sourch of design ideas. So there is a paradox in Western theories of design.they can’t explain some issue that are related to eachother. These issues are to explain the creative individual in the generation, coercive influences, universally appplicable an timeless buity.These can’t explain completaly.And on the other hand there is an important problem that is subject-object in the design process.
The first theory is that an architectural form is shaped by its intended function.in this theory, intension function is important for this process.İt cab be include social, symbolic, psychological and physical function.According to this theory, designer must find latently informations that are about client’s needs, climotological conditions, community value.However the theory of function alone cannot explain these other influences on the buildings form.
The secand theory is that architectural form is generated within the creative imagination. İn this theory, intuition of designer is important for ancreation of original form. So an original form never before seen magically blossoms in the brain and emerges from the pencil.
The third theory is that Architectural form is shaped by the prevailing spirit of the age. İn this theory, the period time is important in process of design. So ever age can give different things than preceding time.
The fourth theory is that Architectural form is determined by the prevailing social and economic conditions.this theory mentions some forces which effect designer.this forces are identified the methods of economic production and distribution prevalent in architect’s society.
The five theory is that Architectural form derives from timeless principles of form that tanscend particular designers, cultures and climates.this theory mentions about an universal form in architecture and it isn’t important what the particular cicumstances of the design problem, designer or culture.
All of these theories aren’t able to persuade about sourch of design ideas. So there is a paradox in Western theories of design.they can’t explain some issue that are related to eachother. These issues are to explain the creative individual in the generation, coercive influences, universally appplicable an timeless buity.These can’t explain completaly.And on the other hand there is an important problem that is subject-object in the design process.
RECONSIDERING URBAN DESIGN:
İn this article Thomas W. Schurch try to define urban design and determine status of urban design as a field or profession.ın addition,purpose of this article to answer the question: wht defines urban design today?
According to literature, in 1960s. Jon Lang mentioned that name of urban design is replaced civic design. The latter can be associated with American City Beatiful Movement of nineteenth century.However, today meaning of urban design isn’t clarity.There ara different deffinitions. For example, Kevin Lynch says that ıf it exists, ‘city design’ is thought to be branch of architecture.Similarly, David Mackay thought that easy than writing and its placed between planning and architecture. On the otherwise, Alan Kreditor says that we know what it is not.
In conclusion, the litherature contains some agreement as to what defines urban design. These catagories are :
Fundamental, superficial and cursory
Qualitative and prescriptive
Historic
Propriarietary
Process
Then Schurch gives a practical consideration and tell about thresholds of scale.Associated with the various venues is the issue of quality of life, particularly in terms of the public realm. Urban design practice can be grouped into five interrelated Project scale :1-the site-specific scale of an individual land parcel, 2-Neighbourhood of district, 3-An entire city, 4-The region in which a city lies, 5-Corridors in these group, schurch tries to find where urban design belongs such as architecture, planning or landscape architecture.
In conclusion, there must also be a development of theory born from practice whiche establishes the field’s boundaries. A field can also be a reconstitution of issues, concerns and questions as reflected in landscape architecture’s and urban planing’s partial evolution from architecture.And important point of article to cocern that urban design not be narrowly percieved as an extention of any one profession or area, and that it is clearly defined.
According to literature, in 1960s. Jon Lang mentioned that name of urban design is replaced civic design. The latter can be associated with American City Beatiful Movement of nineteenth century.However, today meaning of urban design isn’t clarity.There ara different deffinitions. For example, Kevin Lynch says that ıf it exists, ‘city design’ is thought to be branch of architecture.Similarly, David Mackay thought that easy than writing and its placed between planning and architecture. On the otherwise, Alan Kreditor says that we know what it is not.
In conclusion, the litherature contains some agreement as to what defines urban design. These catagories are :
Fundamental, superficial and cursory
Qualitative and prescriptive
Historic
Propriarietary
Process
Then Schurch gives a practical consideration and tell about thresholds of scale.Associated with the various venues is the issue of quality of life, particularly in terms of the public realm. Urban design practice can be grouped into five interrelated Project scale :1-the site-specific scale of an individual land parcel, 2-Neighbourhood of district, 3-An entire city, 4-The region in which a city lies, 5-Corridors in these group, schurch tries to find where urban design belongs such as architecture, planning or landscape architecture.
In conclusion, there must also be a development of theory born from practice whiche establishes the field’s boundaries. A field can also be a reconstitution of issues, concerns and questions as reflected in landscape architecture’s and urban planing’s partial evolution from architecture.And important point of article to cocern that urban design not be narrowly percieved as an extention of any one profession or area, and that it is clearly defined.
THE URBAN DESIGN PROCESS
Urban design process is taken over architectural and planning methods in this article. Urban design method is presented here as a simple progression starting with goal formation and ending with techniques of implementation. The main detail is design process is not linear, it is dialectical. Here, urban design method like planning method is related to main theoretical schools thought; public action in development and concerns feedbacks.
First of all, article examines design proocess over the RIBA practice and management handbook and according to this book design process is divided into four phases as assimilation,general study, development and communication. The process is examined under defined sequences like analysis,synthesis, appraisal and desicion. Main difference between architectural and planning process is defined as feed-back. In planning method, process concerns about a large city areas and giving desicions for whole. At that point in some cases while appraisel can effect analysis, analysis can affect desicion. To understand the role of concept in design and its relations it is examined under five principle of scientific method; body of theory, hypothesis, observations, emprical generalizations and body of desicion. Designers have been known o start the whole process with ideas for change and intervention where the scientific method hypothesis are formed, or may start with survey and data collection. It is classic procedure. However, urban design includes creative thinking and innovations.
Urban design method is an interative process, cyclical in nature. As it is mentioned above urban design method is related to the main theoretical schools thought and public action in development. The fundamental point in urban design process is the generation of ideas and design concept. For urban design method synoptic planning is the most appraciate category because of including the process of implementation with its techniques for feedback of information.
To sum up, public participation is a procedure which cam illuminate genuine alternative development strategies suggessted by people with a specialist local knowledge. With these caveats it apperas that the synoptic method of design advocated in this book is an appropraiate tool for delivering sustainable development.
Murat ÇEVİKAYAK-152002001
Urban design process is taken over architectural and planning methods in this article. Urban design method is presented here as a simple progression starting with goal formation and ending with techniques of implementation. The main detail is design process is not linear, it is dialectical. Here, urban design method like planning method is related to main theoretical schools thought; public action in development and concerns feedbacks.
First of all, article examines design proocess over the RIBA practice and management handbook and according to this book design process is divided into four phases as assimilation,general study, development and communication. The process is examined under defined sequences like analysis,synthesis, appraisal and desicion. Main difference between architectural and planning process is defined as feed-back. In planning method, process concerns about a large city areas and giving desicions for whole. At that point in some cases while appraisel can effect analysis, analysis can affect desicion. To understand the role of concept in design and its relations it is examined under five principle of scientific method; body of theory, hypothesis, observations, emprical generalizations and body of desicion. Designers have been known o start the whole process with ideas for change and intervention where the scientific method hypothesis are formed, or may start with survey and data collection. It is classic procedure. However, urban design includes creative thinking and innovations.
Urban design method is an interative process, cyclical in nature. As it is mentioned above urban design method is related to the main theoretical schools thought and public action in development. The fundamental point in urban design process is the generation of ideas and design concept. For urban design method synoptic planning is the most appraciate category because of including the process of implementation with its techniques for feedback of information.
To sum up, public participation is a procedure which cam illuminate genuine alternative development strategies suggessted by people with a specialist local knowledge. With these caveats it apperas that the synoptic method of design advocated in this book is an appropraiate tool for delivering sustainable development.
Murat ÇEVİKAYAK-152002001
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