This article focuses on the morphological dimension of urban design ;that is the layout and configuration of urban form and space and referred to traditional and modernist urban space system.Morphology provides urban designers to understandlocal patterns of development and processes of change.there several key elements for terms of setlements.Conzen considered four elements that are land uses, building structures, plot pattern and street pattern.
On the cotrary other key elements, the land uses are temporary. The changing uses lead to redevolopment and creation of new buildings and changes in the street pattern.
The building structures areleast resilient element same as land uses.plot have often a recognisable progression or cycle of building development.
The figure –ground diagrams shows differencee between traditional and modernist urban spaces. İn this diagram, the important point is that in the tarditional pattern buildings defined urban spaces and have some civic significance as religious or major public buildings, in modernist pattern buildings separate pavillions freestanding in a more generalised type of road and a coarsely meshed road grid.
Symbolic and financial buildings will last longer than others for a variety reasons.on the other hand other buildings survive only if they are able to adapt to new or changing uses.
The buildings of plots change more rapidly than plot patterns. Cadastral units are typically subdivided or platted into plots or lots. Plots are often amalgamated, but more rarely subdivided.
the cadastral pattern is the layout of urban blocks and,between them, the public space/movement channels or public network.in this part, term ‘palimpsest’ is an important metaphor for processes of change, where current uses overwrite, but naot completelly erase, the Marks of prior use. The other importance is permeability for urban design quality, establishe by cadastral pattern.it can be use like a measure of opportunity movement and related accesibility.permeability requares two measure elements that are visiual and phisical permeability.visiual refers to the ağabeylity to see the routes through an environment, phisical refers to the ability to move through an environment. blocks that is on the street define measure of permeability.for example, smaller bloks increase visiual permeability. Another thing that should be concerned is urban grids that are defomed in cours of time. The urban grid’s structure is the most powerful single determinant of urban movement.
The cadastral pattern establishes an urban area’s public network and is a key element in the broader concept of the capital web. Capital web requares public anad privite properties and provides to accomodates the overlapping realms of mpvement space and social space.
The traditional understanding relates to between social life and phisical enviroment and traditional pattern of urban space, building structures composes definete streets and also squares,. On the other hand in modernist urban space pattern building structures transforms to be an object in the undefined space.
6 Haziran 2008 Cuma
5 Haziran 2008 Perşembe
IMPLEMENTING URBAN DESIGN
This article focuses on the development process in the Project and urban desıgners lacking awareness about this process. And this issue is mentioned under four main sactions as land and property development, the development piple model, development roles and actors and development quality.
Land and Property Development process involves combination of various inputs; Land, Labour, Materials, Finance in order to achieve an output and product in ordar to achive an output or product.This is a classic entrepreneur system.İn this process risk and reward sre important part that drives process.The product is a change of land use and a new or altered building, intended to have higher value than the cost of the transformation. Mıcheal Ball clarifies this process as a function of social relations specific to time and place, involving a variety of key actors suc as landowners, investors, financiers, developers, bulders etc.
In this article , four models provide us to understand this process more easly.These :
Equilibrum Models:Development activity is originated economic signals about effective demand.
Event-sequence Model:focused on the management of stages in the development process.
Agency Models: focusedn the actors and their relationships in the development process.
Institutional Models:focused on organise the relationships and drive the dynamics of process.
The development piple model is an event sequence model that includes urban designers actions such as acting for developer, acting for public sector and satge as development pressure and prospects, development feasibilty and implementation. İn this model summerises urban desıgners role at eachother. The external influences creates development pressure and prospespects which tigger activity within the pipeline. İn the development feasibility is tested in five ways. The first way is ownership constraints that are known from developers. Multiple ownership carry out the Project. Otherwise public sector can be used to facilitate land assembly. Secand way is phisical conditions that determines whether the site can accommodate the proposed development, its phisicah conditions are assessed.A good urban form might be internal and and might limit or determine density, massing and height, guided by. The third way is public procedures that relate to the site and proposed development must be assessedi including the likelihood of obtaining planning/development consent.Contents may also be requared for a range of issues pertaining to land and property ownership; conversation; diversion and actions. The other two ways of development feasibility are market condition and poject viability.
In the developmet process, it is important to identify the actors and development roles in the Project.And two terms are mentioned hat are agency and structure.Agency is the term for rhe way in which development actors define and pursue their strategies, interests and actions, Structure consisting of the economic and political activity and prevalling values, that frame individual decision-making. There are various actors that are developers, landowner,adjacent landowner, funders and investors, funders, funders and investors,development advisers, builders, occupiers, the public sector and last one is community in this article. Defferent actors perform different roles in the dvelopment process. Althouh, fort he purpose of analysis, roles are considered individually, in practice a single actor often performans several roles.
In coclusion, in development process each actors have different thoughts and role in urban projent. These differences effect quality of urban design. In the absence of mechanisms , in contrast to higher architectural quality will be compensated that investment in quality will be compansated by addiitional value.
Land and Property Development process involves combination of various inputs; Land, Labour, Materials, Finance in order to achieve an output and product in ordar to achive an output or product.This is a classic entrepreneur system.İn this process risk and reward sre important part that drives process.The product is a change of land use and a new or altered building, intended to have higher value than the cost of the transformation. Mıcheal Ball clarifies this process as a function of social relations specific to time and place, involving a variety of key actors suc as landowners, investors, financiers, developers, bulders etc.
In this article , four models provide us to understand this process more easly.These :
Equilibrum Models:Development activity is originated economic signals about effective demand.
Event-sequence Model:focused on the management of stages in the development process.
Agency Models: focusedn the actors and their relationships in the development process.
Institutional Models:focused on organise the relationships and drive the dynamics of process.
The development piple model is an event sequence model that includes urban designers actions such as acting for developer, acting for public sector and satge as development pressure and prospects, development feasibilty and implementation. İn this model summerises urban desıgners role at eachother. The external influences creates development pressure and prospespects which tigger activity within the pipeline. İn the development feasibility is tested in five ways. The first way is ownership constraints that are known from developers. Multiple ownership carry out the Project. Otherwise public sector can be used to facilitate land assembly. Secand way is phisical conditions that determines whether the site can accommodate the proposed development, its phisicah conditions are assessed.A good urban form might be internal and and might limit or determine density, massing and height, guided by. The third way is public procedures that relate to the site and proposed development must be assessedi including the likelihood of obtaining planning/development consent.Contents may also be requared for a range of issues pertaining to land and property ownership; conversation; diversion and actions. The other two ways of development feasibility are market condition and poject viability.
In the developmet process, it is important to identify the actors and development roles in the Project.And two terms are mentioned hat are agency and structure.Agency is the term for rhe way in which development actors define and pursue their strategies, interests and actions, Structure consisting of the economic and political activity and prevalling values, that frame individual decision-making. There are various actors that are developers, landowner,adjacent landowner, funders and investors, funders, funders and investors,development advisers, builders, occupiers, the public sector and last one is community in this article. Defferent actors perform different roles in the dvelopment process. Althouh, fort he purpose of analysis, roles are considered individually, in practice a single actor often performans several roles.
In coclusion, in development process each actors have different thoughts and role in urban projent. These differences effect quality of urban design. In the absence of mechanisms , in contrast to higher architectural quality will be compensated that investment in quality will be compansated by addiitional value.
The Temporal Dimension
This article concerns the temporal or time dimension of urban design. İn circulation of time, space turns into a lived-in places.Kevin Lynch focuses on two ways to experience the passage of time.These ways are rhytmic repetiton and progressive and irreversible change.Time and sapce particularly related. For Patrick, Geddes, a city is more than a place in space, it is a drama in time.
İn this artichle three temporal dimensions are discussed. These are;
Time Cycle
The Time Management of Public Space
The Time Management of Public Space
The first dimension is time cycle which is based on natural rhytmic repetition. This process is to form of cycle and affects sleeping and waking and other bodily cycles.Except these, time cycle to originates Earth’s rotation, seasons, rotation around the sun, daytime etc. And also at different times of day and night, the urban enviroment is used different users and different activities.So changing rhtyms of time is significant part of urban design for understanding a life in a day of a space. On the other hand some of time cycles by which we structure our lives have less relation to natural cycles. Zerubavel argues that much of our daily lives is structured according to ‘mechanic time’. These are dictated by svhedule, the celander and the clock.
The secand dimension is The Time Management of Public Space.Mixed uses have generally been advocted on the basis that they creat more life and activity in a location. Different land uses and activity must also concidered in temporal terms. İn different times, different activities provides spaces to used more time and people.So Urban designers can understand activity patternsi how to encourage activities through different time periods and how to achive synergies from activities happening in the same space and time. On the other hand, montgomery stresses that attention to the soft infrastacture of events, programmes and activities is as impotant for sucsesful urban animation as the hard infrastructure of buildings, spaces, streets design.
Another important part to concerned about safely urban spaces. People choose attractive and safe public realm. And there is dead period in city. This time generally is working hours.this stiation arises from 24 hour economy.
The march of time is mentioned about changing of environments. Environments and buildings are shaped by thecnological, economic, social and cultural change.All time physical fabric of a place changes it history. İn this way it becames part of history.Until Industrial Revolution cities were changing in its natural processes but war and destruction provide scale of change to increase.City growth has became mechanical.Then in 1945, slum clearance programmes became. And scale of change was continuitly increase.By the mid 1960s, the social effects were becaming evident and conversation and protection terms oin the areas were exposed. According to contemporary concept of urban place, the unique places and historic environments, buildings must conserve. İn the part of conservation Desdall list more common justifications;Value for aesthetic Value for architectural diversity and contrast.Value for environmental Value for functional diversityResource Value Value for Continuity of cultural memory and heritageEconomic Value Commercial Value
The overlapping concepts o resilience and robustrness are sometimes used interchangeablely, There are impotant differences, however. Resilience is the ağabeylity to resist change wihout undeu deformation: that is, it resists phisical and structure obsolescence. Robutness is the ağabeylity to accommodate change without significiant in physical form. It resists functional obsolescence.Under all these interventions fundamental point is management.
İn this artichle three temporal dimensions are discussed. These are;
Time Cycle
The Time Management of Public Space
The Time Management of Public Space
The first dimension is time cycle which is based on natural rhytmic repetition. This process is to form of cycle and affects sleeping and waking and other bodily cycles.Except these, time cycle to originates Earth’s rotation, seasons, rotation around the sun, daytime etc. And also at different times of day and night, the urban enviroment is used different users and different activities.So changing rhtyms of time is significant part of urban design for understanding a life in a day of a space. On the other hand some of time cycles by which we structure our lives have less relation to natural cycles. Zerubavel argues that much of our daily lives is structured according to ‘mechanic time’. These are dictated by svhedule, the celander and the clock.
The secand dimension is The Time Management of Public Space.Mixed uses have generally been advocted on the basis that they creat more life and activity in a location. Different land uses and activity must also concidered in temporal terms. İn different times, different activities provides spaces to used more time and people.So Urban designers can understand activity patternsi how to encourage activities through different time periods and how to achive synergies from activities happening in the same space and time. On the other hand, montgomery stresses that attention to the soft infrastacture of events, programmes and activities is as impotant for sucsesful urban animation as the hard infrastructure of buildings, spaces, streets design.
Another important part to concerned about safely urban spaces. People choose attractive and safe public realm. And there is dead period in city. This time generally is working hours.this stiation arises from 24 hour economy.
The march of time is mentioned about changing of environments. Environments and buildings are shaped by thecnological, economic, social and cultural change.All time physical fabric of a place changes it history. İn this way it becames part of history.Until Industrial Revolution cities were changing in its natural processes but war and destruction provide scale of change to increase.City growth has became mechanical.Then in 1945, slum clearance programmes became. And scale of change was continuitly increase.By the mid 1960s, the social effects were becaming evident and conversation and protection terms oin the areas were exposed. According to contemporary concept of urban place, the unique places and historic environments, buildings must conserve. İn the part of conservation Desdall list more common justifications;Value for aesthetic Value for architectural diversity and contrast.Value for environmental Value for functional diversityResource Value Value for Continuity of cultural memory and heritageEconomic Value Commercial Value
The overlapping concepts o resilience and robustrness are sometimes used interchangeablely, There are impotant differences, however. Resilience is the ağabeylity to resist change wihout undeu deformation: that is, it resists phisical and structure obsolescence. Robutness is the ağabeylity to accommodate change without significiant in physical form. It resists functional obsolescence.Under all these interventions fundamental point is management.
CONTEXTS FOR URBAN DESIGN
This article discusses types of contexts that are local, global, market and regulatory.these are related to alla re of urban desıgn action. At the same time these contexts can be changed over time but they are relatively fived and typically outside the scope of the urban designer. Important point is that they have to be accepted as givens. They also underpin and inform the discussions the dimensions of urban design.however there is an important problem , while urban designers can make discussions about a devolopment’s form or visual appearance, they cannot change the fact that is stiuated in a particular local and global context, or that it occurs whitin a market economy that is regulated to a greater or lesser extent.
local contextUrban design action involves public realm strategy and development of project. These include site and site plus. At the same time these are part of context of area.İn general, the larger the Project, the greater its scope to control or create its own context.Each place’s unique quality can be its most precious design resource, with urban designers frequently operating within established, generally
Complex, and often delicate contexts.Areas of highly unified character generally requare more respectful responses, while areas of low environmental quality offer greater opportunity for the creation of new character.Most areas fall between these extremes. Equally, while not of particular historic or aesthetic quality, they may also be valued for their social or cultural qualities.
The concept of context requare not only immadiate surroundings but also whole city.İt included topography, land value, patterns of land use and microclimate, history and symbolic significance etc.İmportant point is that understanding local sococultural contexts and cultural differences.Because people use the built envoroment. On the other hand, people choices create distinctive local cultures that shape and reinforce their enviroments.And the other one is technology that provides new opportunities.However we are less conscious of it is actually happining and more aware in retrospect.
global contextlocal and global are related to eachother. Local actions have global impacts and consequences, while global actions have local impacts and consequances. Local and global contexts have dialectical relationship. this article discusses impact on design decisions at many levels that are the integration of new development with existing built form and infrastructure, the range of uses a development contains, site layout and design and the design of individual buildings.
the concept of sustainable development includes not only environmental, but also economic and social sustainability.Urban designers need to have regard to social impacts and long term economic viability, as well as environmental impacts.
Adevelopment’s environmental impact can be likened to footprint.More sustainable urban design involves reducing the total environmental footprint.consequence Lang assuming that thecnology will always find an answer, urban designers should take an envirimentally begin position, designing flexible. Even thought, in the short term, people are likely to continue to use their cars.
The market& regulatory contextİn these two context contexts focus on different sides of the same coin. As most of us live in market economies, most urban design actions occure within a context based on fundemental forces of supply and demand.Hence, urban design actions typically occur in market economies that are regulated to a greater or lesser extent.
To operate effectively, urban design practitioners need to understand the financial and economic processes by which places and developments came about.
The regulatory context is macro govermental context, which provides the overall context fort he detailed elaboration of public policy, includibg urban design policy and the operation of design control.
An important part of the regulatory context is the balance public and private sectors. Depending on the sectoral viewpoint, development will often be perceived differently.
local contextUrban design action involves public realm strategy and development of project. These include site and site plus. At the same time these are part of context of area.İn general, the larger the Project, the greater its scope to control or create its own context.Each place’s unique quality can be its most precious design resource, with urban designers frequently operating within established, generally
Complex, and often delicate contexts.Areas of highly unified character generally requare more respectful responses, while areas of low environmental quality offer greater opportunity for the creation of new character.Most areas fall between these extremes. Equally, while not of particular historic or aesthetic quality, they may also be valued for their social or cultural qualities.
The concept of context requare not only immadiate surroundings but also whole city.İt included topography, land value, patterns of land use and microclimate, history and symbolic significance etc.İmportant point is that understanding local sococultural contexts and cultural differences.Because people use the built envoroment. On the other hand, people choices create distinctive local cultures that shape and reinforce their enviroments.And the other one is technology that provides new opportunities.However we are less conscious of it is actually happining and more aware in retrospect.
global contextlocal and global are related to eachother. Local actions have global impacts and consequences, while global actions have local impacts and consequances. Local and global contexts have dialectical relationship. this article discusses impact on design decisions at many levels that are the integration of new development with existing built form and infrastructure, the range of uses a development contains, site layout and design and the design of individual buildings.
the concept of sustainable development includes not only environmental, but also economic and social sustainability.Urban designers need to have regard to social impacts and long term economic viability, as well as environmental impacts.
Adevelopment’s environmental impact can be likened to footprint.More sustainable urban design involves reducing the total environmental footprint.consequence Lang assuming that thecnology will always find an answer, urban designers should take an envirimentally begin position, designing flexible. Even thought, in the short term, people are likely to continue to use their cars.
The market& regulatory contextİn these two context contexts focus on different sides of the same coin. As most of us live in market economies, most urban design actions occure within a context based on fundemental forces of supply and demand.Hence, urban design actions typically occur in market economies that are regulated to a greater or lesser extent.
To operate effectively, urban design practitioners need to understand the financial and economic processes by which places and developments came about.
The regulatory context is macro govermental context, which provides the overall context fort he detailed elaboration of public policy, includibg urban design policy and the operation of design control.
An important part of the regulatory context is the balance public and private sectors. Depending on the sectoral viewpoint, development will often be perceived differently.
SOURCH OF ARCHITECTURAL FORM
This article focus on the central of problem of design theory: what is the source of an architect’s design ideas? And How is this idea generated, What influence its shape, from what is derived? This is the most importan question for urban theory. Otherwise, the theory try to explore what important theorists from the ancient world to the present have offered as the source of architectural form.and then it is also examine these theories within the broader context of the history of western philisopy. The following cahpter, İt also mentions five theories thatprovide the conceptual foundations for most of historical theories.
The first theory is that an architectural form is shaped by its intended function.in this theory, intension function is important for this process.İt cab be include social, symbolic, psychological and physical function.According to this theory, designer must find latently informations that are about client’s needs, climotological conditions, community value.However the theory of function alone cannot explain these other influences on the buildings form.
The secand theory is that architectural form is generated within the creative imagination. İn this theory, intuition of designer is important for ancreation of original form. So an original form never before seen magically blossoms in the brain and emerges from the pencil.
The third theory is that Architectural form is shaped by the prevailing spirit of the age. İn this theory, the period time is important in process of design. So ever age can give different things than preceding time.
The fourth theory is that Architectural form is determined by the prevailing social and economic conditions.this theory mentions some forces which effect designer.this forces are identified the methods of economic production and distribution prevalent in architect’s society.
The five theory is that Architectural form derives from timeless principles of form that tanscend particular designers, cultures and climates.this theory mentions about an universal form in architecture and it isn’t important what the particular cicumstances of the design problem, designer or culture.
All of these theories aren’t able to persuade about sourch of design ideas. So there is a paradox in Western theories of design.they can’t explain some issue that are related to eachother. These issues are to explain the creative individual in the generation, coercive influences, universally appplicable an timeless buity.These can’t explain completaly.And on the other hand there is an important problem that is subject-object in the design process.
The first theory is that an architectural form is shaped by its intended function.in this theory, intension function is important for this process.İt cab be include social, symbolic, psychological and physical function.According to this theory, designer must find latently informations that are about client’s needs, climotological conditions, community value.However the theory of function alone cannot explain these other influences on the buildings form.
The secand theory is that architectural form is generated within the creative imagination. İn this theory, intuition of designer is important for ancreation of original form. So an original form never before seen magically blossoms in the brain and emerges from the pencil.
The third theory is that Architectural form is shaped by the prevailing spirit of the age. İn this theory, the period time is important in process of design. So ever age can give different things than preceding time.
The fourth theory is that Architectural form is determined by the prevailing social and economic conditions.this theory mentions some forces which effect designer.this forces are identified the methods of economic production and distribution prevalent in architect’s society.
The five theory is that Architectural form derives from timeless principles of form that tanscend particular designers, cultures and climates.this theory mentions about an universal form in architecture and it isn’t important what the particular cicumstances of the design problem, designer or culture.
All of these theories aren’t able to persuade about sourch of design ideas. So there is a paradox in Western theories of design.they can’t explain some issue that are related to eachother. These issues are to explain the creative individual in the generation, coercive influences, universally appplicable an timeless buity.These can’t explain completaly.And on the other hand there is an important problem that is subject-object in the design process.
RECONSIDERING URBAN DESIGN:
İn this article Thomas W. Schurch try to define urban design and determine status of urban design as a field or profession.ın addition,purpose of this article to answer the question: wht defines urban design today?
According to literature, in 1960s. Jon Lang mentioned that name of urban design is replaced civic design. The latter can be associated with American City Beatiful Movement of nineteenth century.However, today meaning of urban design isn’t clarity.There ara different deffinitions. For example, Kevin Lynch says that ıf it exists, ‘city design’ is thought to be branch of architecture.Similarly, David Mackay thought that easy than writing and its placed between planning and architecture. On the otherwise, Alan Kreditor says that we know what it is not.
In conclusion, the litherature contains some agreement as to what defines urban design. These catagories are :
Fundamental, superficial and cursory
Qualitative and prescriptive
Historic
Propriarietary
Process
Then Schurch gives a practical consideration and tell about thresholds of scale.Associated with the various venues is the issue of quality of life, particularly in terms of the public realm. Urban design practice can be grouped into five interrelated Project scale :1-the site-specific scale of an individual land parcel, 2-Neighbourhood of district, 3-An entire city, 4-The region in which a city lies, 5-Corridors in these group, schurch tries to find where urban design belongs such as architecture, planning or landscape architecture.
In conclusion, there must also be a development of theory born from practice whiche establishes the field’s boundaries. A field can also be a reconstitution of issues, concerns and questions as reflected in landscape architecture’s and urban planing’s partial evolution from architecture.And important point of article to cocern that urban design not be narrowly percieved as an extention of any one profession or area, and that it is clearly defined.
According to literature, in 1960s. Jon Lang mentioned that name of urban design is replaced civic design. The latter can be associated with American City Beatiful Movement of nineteenth century.However, today meaning of urban design isn’t clarity.There ara different deffinitions. For example, Kevin Lynch says that ıf it exists, ‘city design’ is thought to be branch of architecture.Similarly, David Mackay thought that easy than writing and its placed between planning and architecture. On the otherwise, Alan Kreditor says that we know what it is not.
In conclusion, the litherature contains some agreement as to what defines urban design. These catagories are :
Fundamental, superficial and cursory
Qualitative and prescriptive
Historic
Propriarietary
Process
Then Schurch gives a practical consideration and tell about thresholds of scale.Associated with the various venues is the issue of quality of life, particularly in terms of the public realm. Urban design practice can be grouped into five interrelated Project scale :1-the site-specific scale of an individual land parcel, 2-Neighbourhood of district, 3-An entire city, 4-The region in which a city lies, 5-Corridors in these group, schurch tries to find where urban design belongs such as architecture, planning or landscape architecture.
In conclusion, there must also be a development of theory born from practice whiche establishes the field’s boundaries. A field can also be a reconstitution of issues, concerns and questions as reflected in landscape architecture’s and urban planing’s partial evolution from architecture.And important point of article to cocern that urban design not be narrowly percieved as an extention of any one profession or area, and that it is clearly defined.
THE URBAN DESIGN PROCESS
Urban design process is taken over architectural and planning methods in this article. Urban design method is presented here as a simple progression starting with goal formation and ending with techniques of implementation. The main detail is design process is not linear, it is dialectical. Here, urban design method like planning method is related to main theoretical schools thought; public action in development and concerns feedbacks.
First of all, article examines design proocess over the RIBA practice and management handbook and according to this book design process is divided into four phases as assimilation,general study, development and communication. The process is examined under defined sequences like analysis,synthesis, appraisal and desicion. Main difference between architectural and planning process is defined as feed-back. In planning method, process concerns about a large city areas and giving desicions for whole. At that point in some cases while appraisel can effect analysis, analysis can affect desicion. To understand the role of concept in design and its relations it is examined under five principle of scientific method; body of theory, hypothesis, observations, emprical generalizations and body of desicion. Designers have been known o start the whole process with ideas for change and intervention where the scientific method hypothesis are formed, or may start with survey and data collection. It is classic procedure. However, urban design includes creative thinking and innovations.
Urban design method is an interative process, cyclical in nature. As it is mentioned above urban design method is related to the main theoretical schools thought and public action in development. The fundamental point in urban design process is the generation of ideas and design concept. For urban design method synoptic planning is the most appraciate category because of including the process of implementation with its techniques for feedback of information.
To sum up, public participation is a procedure which cam illuminate genuine alternative development strategies suggessted by people with a specialist local knowledge. With these caveats it apperas that the synoptic method of design advocated in this book is an appropraiate tool for delivering sustainable development.
Murat ÇEVİKAYAK-152002001
Urban design process is taken over architectural and planning methods in this article. Urban design method is presented here as a simple progression starting with goal formation and ending with techniques of implementation. The main detail is design process is not linear, it is dialectical. Here, urban design method like planning method is related to main theoretical schools thought; public action in development and concerns feedbacks.
First of all, article examines design proocess over the RIBA practice and management handbook and according to this book design process is divided into four phases as assimilation,general study, development and communication. The process is examined under defined sequences like analysis,synthesis, appraisal and desicion. Main difference between architectural and planning process is defined as feed-back. In planning method, process concerns about a large city areas and giving desicions for whole. At that point in some cases while appraisel can effect analysis, analysis can affect desicion. To understand the role of concept in design and its relations it is examined under five principle of scientific method; body of theory, hypothesis, observations, emprical generalizations and body of desicion. Designers have been known o start the whole process with ideas for change and intervention where the scientific method hypothesis are formed, or may start with survey and data collection. It is classic procedure. However, urban design includes creative thinking and innovations.
Urban design method is an interative process, cyclical in nature. As it is mentioned above urban design method is related to the main theoretical schools thought and public action in development. The fundamental point in urban design process is the generation of ideas and design concept. For urban design method synoptic planning is the most appraciate category because of including the process of implementation with its techniques for feedback of information.
To sum up, public participation is a procedure which cam illuminate genuine alternative development strategies suggessted by people with a specialist local knowledge. With these caveats it apperas that the synoptic method of design advocated in this book is an appropraiate tool for delivering sustainable development.
Murat ÇEVİKAYAK-152002001
THE URBAN DESIGN PROCESS
In this article the main point is design process and importance of scientific method in urban design. The process is explained over the oth architectural and planning design process, by this way new creative methods and process are tried to be appeared.
The RIBA practice and management handbook divides process into four phases as assimilation,general study, development and communication. The process is examined under defined sequences like analysis,synthesis, appraisal and desicion. Main difference between architectural and planning process is defined as feed-back. In planning method, process concerns about a large city areas and giving desicions for whole. At that point in some cases while appraisel can effect analysis, analysis can affect desicion
In design process also concept has an important role. In order to understand the role of concepts in design and their relationship it is useful to examine five principle scientific method; body of theory whic related to area, hypotheses which explains the phenomena studied, observations, emprical generalizations which derived directly from unique set of observation and body of desicion which contains acceptance or rejection of the hypotheses. For designers the point that scientific method hypotheses are formed or design process with survey and data collection is important for interventions. At the core of scientific method is asking the right questions because it is defining the problem which is the art of design. Besides this, applying the correct method can effect the whole solutions.
Urban design method is presented here as a simple progression starting with goal formation and ending with techniques of implementation. However design process is not linear, it is dialectical. Urban design method like planning method is related to main theoretical schools thought; public action in development. Here five categories as the synoptic, incremental, transactive, advocacy-oriented and radical traditions are defined and the method advocated here for urban design is very much in synoptic traditions of planning. It is apropriate at this method for the delivery of sustainable development and environmentally sound procedures in urban design.Synoptic planning is particularly well suited to the promotion of global and national environmental concerns and also the promotion of justice in the distribution of goods.
Gülnur VURUSKAN
152002002
In this article the main point is design process and importance of scientific method in urban design. The process is explained over the oth architectural and planning design process, by this way new creative methods and process are tried to be appeared.
The RIBA practice and management handbook divides process into four phases as assimilation,general study, development and communication. The process is examined under defined sequences like analysis,synthesis, appraisal and desicion. Main difference between architectural and planning process is defined as feed-back. In planning method, process concerns about a large city areas and giving desicions for whole. At that point in some cases while appraisel can effect analysis, analysis can affect desicion
In design process also concept has an important role. In order to understand the role of concepts in design and their relationship it is useful to examine five principle scientific method; body of theory whic related to area, hypotheses which explains the phenomena studied, observations, emprical generalizations which derived directly from unique set of observation and body of desicion which contains acceptance or rejection of the hypotheses. For designers the point that scientific method hypotheses are formed or design process with survey and data collection is important for interventions. At the core of scientific method is asking the right questions because it is defining the problem which is the art of design. Besides this, applying the correct method can effect the whole solutions.
Urban design method is presented here as a simple progression starting with goal formation and ending with techniques of implementation. However design process is not linear, it is dialectical. Urban design method like planning method is related to main theoretical schools thought; public action in development. Here five categories as the synoptic, incremental, transactive, advocacy-oriented and radical traditions are defined and the method advocated here for urban design is very much in synoptic traditions of planning. It is apropriate at this method for the delivery of sustainable development and environmentally sound procedures in urban design.Synoptic planning is particularly well suited to the promotion of global and national environmental concerns and also the promotion of justice in the distribution of goods.
Gülnur VURUSKAN
152002002
3 Haziran 2008 Salı
8th Week Summary Submission_2
Onur MENGI
UD 514 Spring’08 IYTE
8th Week Summary Submission
The Morphological Dimension
In this article discusses urban morphology which is the configuration of form and space. There are two types of urban space system, which are referred to “traditional” and “modernist”. Four morphological elements as land uses, building structures, plot pattern and street pattern are mentioned by morphologist Conzen emphasizing the the differences stability of them.
Compared with the other elements, land uses are temporary. Incoming uses often lead to redeevelopment, creation new buildings and to plot amalgations, less often to subdivisions and changes in the street pattern. By contrast, displaced land uses are more likely to relocate to existing buildings in older areas, rather than developing them.
The most important elements of the urban environment are the plot pattern and the cadastral pattern. Typically subdivided ito plots or lots. As plots have been amalgamated to enable the construction of larger buildings, plot sizes have become larger. This process usually occours in one direction only: plots are often amalgamated, but more rarely subdivided. Cadastral pattern is the layout of urban blocks and the public place-movement channels or network between them. The blocks define the space, or the space define the blocks. “Palimpsest” is used as a metaphor for process of changes where current users overwrite, not completely erase, the marks of prior use. An important urban design quality established by the cadastral pattern is that of “permeability” meaning the extent to which an environment allows a choice of routes either through or within it. This is measured by “accessibility”. Visiual permeabilitiy refers to the ability to see the routes through an environment, while physical permeability refers to the ability to move through an environment. In some cases there may be visual but not physical permeability and vice versa. Finely meshed grids offer many different ways to get from place to place within the grid. If grid becomes discontinuous through the severing of connections ad the creation of dead ends, permeability is reduced.
Changes and reactions in morphological structure of public space has led to a shift towards the qualities of traditional urban space. The layout and configuration of urba block structure is important both in determining the pattern of movement and in setting parameters for development. The size and the shape of urban blocks contribute significantly to an environment’s character. Block sizes can be determined by the local context.
As mentioned above, this article focused on form and layout. In general terms, it has showed and discussed block patterns and grid system.
UD 514 Spring’08 IYTE
8th Week Summary Submission
The Morphological Dimension
In this article discusses urban morphology which is the configuration of form and space. There are two types of urban space system, which are referred to “traditional” and “modernist”. Four morphological elements as land uses, building structures, plot pattern and street pattern are mentioned by morphologist Conzen emphasizing the the differences stability of them.
Compared with the other elements, land uses are temporary. Incoming uses often lead to redeevelopment, creation new buildings and to plot amalgations, less often to subdivisions and changes in the street pattern. By contrast, displaced land uses are more likely to relocate to existing buildings in older areas, rather than developing them.
The most important elements of the urban environment are the plot pattern and the cadastral pattern. Typically subdivided ito plots or lots. As plots have been amalgamated to enable the construction of larger buildings, plot sizes have become larger. This process usually occours in one direction only: plots are often amalgamated, but more rarely subdivided. Cadastral pattern is the layout of urban blocks and the public place-movement channels or network between them. The blocks define the space, or the space define the blocks. “Palimpsest” is used as a metaphor for process of changes where current users overwrite, not completely erase, the marks of prior use. An important urban design quality established by the cadastral pattern is that of “permeability” meaning the extent to which an environment allows a choice of routes either through or within it. This is measured by “accessibility”. Visiual permeabilitiy refers to the ability to see the routes through an environment, while physical permeability refers to the ability to move through an environment. In some cases there may be visual but not physical permeability and vice versa. Finely meshed grids offer many different ways to get from place to place within the grid. If grid becomes discontinuous through the severing of connections ad the creation of dead ends, permeability is reduced.
Changes and reactions in morphological structure of public space has led to a shift towards the qualities of traditional urban space. The layout and configuration of urba block structure is important both in determining the pattern of movement and in setting parameters for development. The size and the shape of urban blocks contribute significantly to an environment’s character. Block sizes can be determined by the local context.
As mentioned above, this article focused on form and layout. In general terms, it has showed and discussed block patterns and grid system.
8th Week Summary Submission_1
Onur MENGI
UD 514 Spring’08 IYTE
8th Week Summary Submission
Contexts of Urban Design
In this article discusses a set of broad “contexts”-local, global, market and regulatory-that constrain and inform all areas of urban design action. Although these contexts change over time at any particular moment they are relatively fixed and are typically outside the scope of the urban design practitioner’s influence. Hence, in relation to individual urban design projects and interventions, “they have to be accepted as givens.” In a general sense, however, while urban designer can make decisions about a development’s form or visual appreance, they can not change the fact that it is situated in a particular local and global context, or that it occurs within a market economy that is regulated to a greater or lesser extent.
Local context where urban design actions are involved in public realm most is the site itself. “Local” in urban area, consists of recently; technology, finance, quality, unique, choices of people. When technology is considered, we find commuication and transformation behind. Finance is the case of daily face to face relations either in decentralization and recentralization. The other three; quality, unique, people’s choices are all place matters. It is clear that considerations of context are not just concerned with “place” in a physical sense, but also with the people that create and use built environment. Understanding local sociocultural context and cultural differences allows urban places to be read and understood.
Global actions have local impacts, consequances and wise versa. Global context concerns mainly the effect of global warming, changing climate, insufficient resources. Urban designers need to have regard to social impacts and long-term economic viability, as well as environmental impacts. The problem is the tendency to privalege short term urgent needs at the expense of long term important ones. Keynes commentes that, in the market’s view, “in the long term, we are all dead.” According to Lang, technology will always find an answer, urban designers should take an environmentally position, designing flexible environments that enable facilitate choice of cycling, walking, public transit-even though, in short term, people are likely to continue to use their cars.
In market and regulatory contexts, it is mentioned that we all live in market economies. Urban design actions occur within a context depends on forces of supply and demand. In addition, many decisions in market economy have public concequences are made in the private sector. Public sector is long-term interest, because it is no one’s concern. When we consider about choices, it is easy to find out that we are not free in market economy as it is emerged within choice manuplation . In urban area, especially real-estate, as it attracts capital and privatization, mostly for investor; they have tendency to stay close infrastructure. When we consider politicians point of view, they just get profit short term expectations in election clock.
In conclusion, we find out requirements of urban design that respects to “the glocal contexts and the market and regulatory contexts”
UD 514 Spring’08 IYTE
8th Week Summary Submission
Contexts of Urban Design
In this article discusses a set of broad “contexts”-local, global, market and regulatory-that constrain and inform all areas of urban design action. Although these contexts change over time at any particular moment they are relatively fixed and are typically outside the scope of the urban design practitioner’s influence. Hence, in relation to individual urban design projects and interventions, “they have to be accepted as givens.” In a general sense, however, while urban designer can make decisions about a development’s form or visual appreance, they can not change the fact that it is situated in a particular local and global context, or that it occurs within a market economy that is regulated to a greater or lesser extent.
Local context where urban design actions are involved in public realm most is the site itself. “Local” in urban area, consists of recently; technology, finance, quality, unique, choices of people. When technology is considered, we find commuication and transformation behind. Finance is the case of daily face to face relations either in decentralization and recentralization. The other three; quality, unique, people’s choices are all place matters. It is clear that considerations of context are not just concerned with “place” in a physical sense, but also with the people that create and use built environment. Understanding local sociocultural context and cultural differences allows urban places to be read and understood.
Global actions have local impacts, consequances and wise versa. Global context concerns mainly the effect of global warming, changing climate, insufficient resources. Urban designers need to have regard to social impacts and long-term economic viability, as well as environmental impacts. The problem is the tendency to privalege short term urgent needs at the expense of long term important ones. Keynes commentes that, in the market’s view, “in the long term, we are all dead.” According to Lang, technology will always find an answer, urban designers should take an environmentally position, designing flexible environments that enable facilitate choice of cycling, walking, public transit-even though, in short term, people are likely to continue to use their cars.
In market and regulatory contexts, it is mentioned that we all live in market economies. Urban design actions occur within a context depends on forces of supply and demand. In addition, many decisions in market economy have public concequences are made in the private sector. Public sector is long-term interest, because it is no one’s concern. When we consider about choices, it is easy to find out that we are not free in market economy as it is emerged within choice manuplation . In urban area, especially real-estate, as it attracts capital and privatization, mostly for investor; they have tendency to stay close infrastructure. When we consider politicians point of view, they just get profit short term expectations in election clock.
In conclusion, we find out requirements of urban design that respects to “the glocal contexts and the market and regulatory contexts”
9th Week Summary Submission
Onur MENGI
UD 514 Spring’08 IYTE
9th Week Summary Submission
UD 514 Spring’08 IYTE
9th Week Summary Submission
The Temporal(Time) Dimension
As we see in this article, although it is believed that matter of urban design is only three dimension, urban design actually four dimensional; being time. As Kevin Lynch observes, we experience the time in urban environment in two ways; “rhythmic repetition” (the hearthbeat, breathing, sleeping, hunger, seasons, tides, clocks and “progressive and irreversible change” (growth and decay, not recurrence but alteration) In this article we find out three key aspects of temporal dimension of urban design; “Time cycles and management of activities in space”, “Continuity and stability, “Changing urban design projects and policies”.
Time Cycles are based on natural cycles.(working and leisure time, mealtimes etc.) Cycles of activity are also grounded in the changing season including climate, temparature. Urban designers may deliberately exploit the changing day and the changing seasons to bring greater variety and interest to urban spaces. These add to the richness of the urban experience. Besides, light and ventilation may be consideres in this context. Zerubavel argues that much of our daily lives is structured according to “mechanical time”. We no longer, for example, rise with the dawn and retire to bed at sunset. Organic and functional periodicity are replacing with mechanical periodicity which is dictated by schedule, calender and clock. If these distinctions are eroded increasingly, it results in greater freedom, at least initially, greater uncertainty.
Mixed uses have generally been advocated on the basis that they create more life and activity in a location. While a key element of this is tha spatial concentration of different land uses, activity must also be considered in temporal terms. Urban designers need to understand activity patterns, how to encourage activities through different time periods and achieve synergies from activities happening in the same space and time. A widespread problem is lack of activity in the public realm during the evening and night (dead period) with few uses and activities to attract a broad range of social groups. “24-hour city” concepts are influnced by cities in Europe where they develop cultural policies to revitalise their urban night-life in 1970’s. There are also micro-management issues relating to conflicts between, for example, noise-generating activities (cafe-bar) and noise sensitive activities (city centre residential users)
Stressing continuity of place, as conservation was instrumental in the evolution of the contemporary concept of urban design, many current approaches to urban design attempt to respond to the existing sense of place, rather than a break from the past. When we consider the continuity of place, we should emphasize “social memory”. Rossi discussed the idea of a city’s “collective memory”, where urban form was a repository of culture from the past and for the future. Texture and monuments character and embody the memory of the city.
Involving interventions into existing place, the creation of new places, and management, urban design operates across a number of time frames-almost all of which necessitate a long-term perspective. While desingers may have a relatively short-term involvement in particular development projects, the created environments tend to be used over the long-term. In small scale, incremental change, “mistakes” are small and can be corrected relatively easily. By contrast, in large-scale development, every effort must be made to eliminate “mistakes” because they are much more difficult to correct.
In conclusion part, it is emphasized that the overarching need is for urban designers to understand the implications and impact of time on places. Time involves both change that happens in cycles and change that occurs in progressive, unfolding and irreversible ways.
As we see in this article, although it is believed that matter of urban design is only three dimension, urban design actually four dimensional; being time. As Kevin Lynch observes, we experience the time in urban environment in two ways; “rhythmic repetition” (the hearthbeat, breathing, sleeping, hunger, seasons, tides, clocks and “progressive and irreversible change” (growth and decay, not recurrence but alteration) In this article we find out three key aspects of temporal dimension of urban design; “Time cycles and management of activities in space”, “Continuity and stability, “Changing urban design projects and policies”.
Time Cycles are based on natural cycles.(working and leisure time, mealtimes etc.) Cycles of activity are also grounded in the changing season including climate, temparature. Urban designers may deliberately exploit the changing day and the changing seasons to bring greater variety and interest to urban spaces. These add to the richness of the urban experience. Besides, light and ventilation may be consideres in this context. Zerubavel argues that much of our daily lives is structured according to “mechanical time”. We no longer, for example, rise with the dawn and retire to bed at sunset. Organic and functional periodicity are replacing with mechanical periodicity which is dictated by schedule, calender and clock. If these distinctions are eroded increasingly, it results in greater freedom, at least initially, greater uncertainty.
Mixed uses have generally been advocated on the basis that they create more life and activity in a location. While a key element of this is tha spatial concentration of different land uses, activity must also be considered in temporal terms. Urban designers need to understand activity patterns, how to encourage activities through different time periods and achieve synergies from activities happening in the same space and time. A widespread problem is lack of activity in the public realm during the evening and night (dead period) with few uses and activities to attract a broad range of social groups. “24-hour city” concepts are influnced by cities in Europe where they develop cultural policies to revitalise their urban night-life in 1970’s. There are also micro-management issues relating to conflicts between, for example, noise-generating activities (cafe-bar) and noise sensitive activities (city centre residential users)
Stressing continuity of place, as conservation was instrumental in the evolution of the contemporary concept of urban design, many current approaches to urban design attempt to respond to the existing sense of place, rather than a break from the past. When we consider the continuity of place, we should emphasize “social memory”. Rossi discussed the idea of a city’s “collective memory”, where urban form was a repository of culture from the past and for the future. Texture and monuments character and embody the memory of the city.
Involving interventions into existing place, the creation of new places, and management, urban design operates across a number of time frames-almost all of which necessitate a long-term perspective. While desingers may have a relatively short-term involvement in particular development projects, the created environments tend to be used over the long-term. In small scale, incremental change, “mistakes” are small and can be corrected relatively easily. By contrast, in large-scale development, every effort must be made to eliminate “mistakes” because they are much more difficult to correct.
In conclusion part, it is emphasized that the overarching need is for urban designers to understand the implications and impact of time on places. Time involves both change that happens in cycles and change that occurs in progressive, unfolding and irreversible ways.
13th Week Summary Submission
Onur MENGI
UD 514 Spring’08 IYTE
13th Week Summary Submission
UD 514 Spring’08 IYTE
13th Week Summary Submission
Implementing Urban Design
Awareness of the development process, particularly of the balance between risk and reward that drives it, helps urban designer gain a deeper understanding of both the context in which they operate and the force acting upon the process by which their design policies proposals and projects origiate and are implemented. As they need to argue the case for urban design and more particularly the case for better quality urban design, their arguments can be more pursuasive if informed by this awareness.
In this article, it is focused on the role of urban designer in the development process with four main section; the role of property development and the development process, “pipeline” model of development process, roles and relationships in the development process and issues of urban design quality.
Land and Property Development process involves combination of various inputs; Land, Labour, Materials, Finance in order to achieve an output and product. Classically “entrepreneur” brings these togethert and add values them. Product is change of land use and or a new or altered building, intended to have a higher value than the cost of the transformation. For the process to be profitable, the amount received from sales must be greater than the cost of production. To understand the development process some models are devised.
Equilibrum Models: Development activity is structured by economic signals about effective demand
Event-sequence Model: Management of stages in development process
Agency Models: Actors and their relationships in the development process
Structure Models: Relation between capital labour and land
Institutional Models: Role of events and agencies
Development pipeline model-an event-sequence model- focuses principally on private sector development, the stages and principles are broadly similar regardless of wether the developer is the public sector or a non-profit organisation.
Development pressure and prospects
Urban designer’s role; (acting for developer)
Spots opportunitiy
Identifies suitable sites
Provides vision
Prepares master plan for site
Urban designer’s role; (acting for public sector)
Anticipates development pressure
Spots and promotes development opportunities
Prepares planning policy framework
Provides vision
Prepares development framework
Prepares development brief for master plan for area
Directs and attracts development to suitable sites
Influences developer’s brief forthe site
Development Feasibility
Urban designer’s role; (acting for developer)
Carries out feasible study
Provides advice
Prepares design proposals
Negotiates with planning authority
Prepares and submits planning application
Urban designer’s role; (acting for public sector)
Negotiates with developer
Provides advice
Comments on design proposals
Makes decision on planning application
Implementation
Urban designer’s role; (acting for developer)
Quality of scheme may seal commitment with funders
Ensures quality of development
Influences management of development
Urban designer’s role; (acting for public sector)
Ensures quality of development
Influences management of development
Implementation; the developer’s ultimate aim is to produce a marketable development: that is, one for which occupiers and or investors are willing to pay a rent or purchase at a price that at least covers development and site costs. The final, implementation, stage includes both construction and sale or lettering. Once implemetation starts, developers lose their flexibility of action. The main task is to ensure that work is carried out at the appropriate speed, cost and quality. In short term, time and cost can crowd out concerns for quality, but in the long term they recede in importance relative quality.
There are 2 sides; “demand” and “suppl”y that “consume” and “produce” the development.
Investors occupiers, regulation, adjacent landowners and general public are in demand side, in long term scale, investors look for profit maximisation, occupiers look for cost minimisation, regulation and general public’s price strategies are neutral.
Landowners, developers, funders, builder are in supply side, in short term scale, their financial strategy is profit maximization.
In conclusion chapter of the article, it is emphasized that public sector-like private sector-rarely operates in isolation, it is the the successful partnership between public and private that, over time, offers the greatest potential for successful, sustainable urban design.
Awareness of the development process, particularly of the balance between risk and reward that drives it, helps urban designer gain a deeper understanding of both the context in which they operate and the force acting upon the process by which their design policies proposals and projects origiate and are implemented. As they need to argue the case for urban design and more particularly the case for better quality urban design, their arguments can be more pursuasive if informed by this awareness.
In this article, it is focused on the role of urban designer in the development process with four main section; the role of property development and the development process, “pipeline” model of development process, roles and relationships in the development process and issues of urban design quality.
Land and Property Development process involves combination of various inputs; Land, Labour, Materials, Finance in order to achieve an output and product. Classically “entrepreneur” brings these togethert and add values them. Product is change of land use and or a new or altered building, intended to have a higher value than the cost of the transformation. For the process to be profitable, the amount received from sales must be greater than the cost of production. To understand the development process some models are devised.
Equilibrum Models: Development activity is structured by economic signals about effective demand
Event-sequence Model: Management of stages in development process
Agency Models: Actors and their relationships in the development process
Structure Models: Relation between capital labour and land
Institutional Models: Role of events and agencies
Development pipeline model-an event-sequence model- focuses principally on private sector development, the stages and principles are broadly similar regardless of wether the developer is the public sector or a non-profit organisation.
Development pressure and prospects
Urban designer’s role; (acting for developer)
Spots opportunitiy
Identifies suitable sites
Provides vision
Prepares master plan for site
Urban designer’s role; (acting for public sector)
Anticipates development pressure
Spots and promotes development opportunities
Prepares planning policy framework
Provides vision
Prepares development framework
Prepares development brief for master plan for area
Directs and attracts development to suitable sites
Influences developer’s brief forthe site
Development Feasibility
Urban designer’s role; (acting for developer)
Carries out feasible study
Provides advice
Prepares design proposals
Negotiates with planning authority
Prepares and submits planning application
Urban designer’s role; (acting for public sector)
Negotiates with developer
Provides advice
Comments on design proposals
Makes decision on planning application
Implementation
Urban designer’s role; (acting for developer)
Quality of scheme may seal commitment with funders
Ensures quality of development
Influences management of development
Urban designer’s role; (acting for public sector)
Ensures quality of development
Influences management of development
Implementation; the developer’s ultimate aim is to produce a marketable development: that is, one for which occupiers and or investors are willing to pay a rent or purchase at a price that at least covers development and site costs. The final, implementation, stage includes both construction and sale or lettering. Once implemetation starts, developers lose their flexibility of action. The main task is to ensure that work is carried out at the appropriate speed, cost and quality. In short term, time and cost can crowd out concerns for quality, but in the long term they recede in importance relative quality.
There are 2 sides; “demand” and “suppl”y that “consume” and “produce” the development.
Investors occupiers, regulation, adjacent landowners and general public are in demand side, in long term scale, investors look for profit maximisation, occupiers look for cost minimisation, regulation and general public’s price strategies are neutral.
Landowners, developers, funders, builder are in supply side, in short term scale, their financial strategy is profit maximization.
In conclusion chapter of the article, it is emphasized that public sector-like private sector-rarely operates in isolation, it is the the successful partnership between public and private that, over time, offers the greatest potential for successful, sustainable urban design.
12th Week Summary Submission
Onur MENGI
UD 514 Spring’08 IYTE
12th Week Summary Submission
UD 514 Spring’08 IYTE
12th Week Summary Submission
The Urban Design Process
The RIBA practice and management handbook divides the design process into 4 phases; assimilation, general study, development, communication. By many authorities, it is argued that the designer goes through a series of linked decisions which form a clearly defined squence as analysis, synthesis, appraisal and decision. In this article, importance of concept is also mentioned. In order to understand the role of concepts in design and their relationship it is useful to examine 5 principle pf scientific method; “body of theory” (related to area), “hypotheses” (explains the phenomena studied), “observations” (environment), “emprical generalizations” (derived directly from unique set of observation), “body of decision” (acceptance or rejection of the hypotheses). This scientific process is clear but is open to endless variation due to pressure of time, money and politics.
Designers have been known to start the whole process with ideas for change and interveantion where the scientific method hypotheses are formed; or may start with survey and data collection (classic procedure). At the core of scientific method is asking right questions.(accurately defining problem). The design process is not linear bu dialectical, taking form of an argument between problem and solution. It is central to modern thinking that problems and solutions are seen as emerging together rather than one following logically uponthe other. Urban design involves creative thinking, it would be misleading to assume that this does not apply equally in the field of science. But this would be misleading as solutions can not be generated though logical deduction from thory or indeed that problem exploration is not an outcome of standart design procedures. Fundamental to the urban design process is the generation of ideas and design concepts. Theory may be a productive source of ideas but it is by no means the only one. Urban design has much in common with general planning method; survey, analysis, plan. Urban design method like planning method is related to the main theoretical schools thought; public action in development. Among others (Incremental, Transactive, Advocacy, Radical) The method advocated in this article is Synoptic planning; that urban design is very much in.
Synoptic or Rational-Comprehensive Planning is the dominant planning theory/paradigm today. Synoptic Planning is characterized as
a rational, means-end analysis with formalized goal-setting,
identification of alternatives, evaluation of alternatives,
implementation of a preferred alternative, and
monitoring of implementation.
To sum up, it appears that the synoptic method of design advocated in this article is an appropriate tool for delivering sustainable development.
The RIBA practice and management handbook divides the design process into 4 phases; assimilation, general study, development, communication. By many authorities, it is argued that the designer goes through a series of linked decisions which form a clearly defined squence as analysis, synthesis, appraisal and decision. In this article, importance of concept is also mentioned. In order to understand the role of concepts in design and their relationship it is useful to examine 5 principle pf scientific method; “body of theory” (related to area), “hypotheses” (explains the phenomena studied), “observations” (environment), “emprical generalizations” (derived directly from unique set of observation), “body of decision” (acceptance or rejection of the hypotheses). This scientific process is clear but is open to endless variation due to pressure of time, money and politics.
Designers have been known to start the whole process with ideas for change and interveantion where the scientific method hypotheses are formed; or may start with survey and data collection (classic procedure). At the core of scientific method is asking right questions.(accurately defining problem). The design process is not linear bu dialectical, taking form of an argument between problem and solution. It is central to modern thinking that problems and solutions are seen as emerging together rather than one following logically uponthe other. Urban design involves creative thinking, it would be misleading to assume that this does not apply equally in the field of science. But this would be misleading as solutions can not be generated though logical deduction from thory or indeed that problem exploration is not an outcome of standart design procedures. Fundamental to the urban design process is the generation of ideas and design concepts. Theory may be a productive source of ideas but it is by no means the only one. Urban design has much in common with general planning method; survey, analysis, plan. Urban design method like planning method is related to the main theoretical schools thought; public action in development. Among others (Incremental, Transactive, Advocacy, Radical) The method advocated in this article is Synoptic planning; that urban design is very much in.
Synoptic or Rational-Comprehensive Planning is the dominant planning theory/paradigm today. Synoptic Planning is characterized as
a rational, means-end analysis with formalized goal-setting,
identification of alternatives, evaluation of alternatives,
implementation of a preferred alternative, and
monitoring of implementation.
To sum up, it appears that the synoptic method of design advocated in this article is an appropriate tool for delivering sustainable development.
19 Mayıs 2008 Pazartesi
IMPLEMENTING URBAN DESIGN
IMPLEMENTING URBAN DESIGN
In this article the role of urban design and designer is mentioned in the development process of a project. It is mentioned under four steps as the role of property development and the development process, “pipeline” model of development process, roles and relationships in the development process and issues of urban design quality.
Explaination of development process is summarized such as process incluiding of combining various inputs ( Land/Labour/Materials/Finance), and composing output and product as change of land use/ new altered building. In the middle of this process entrepreneur(developer) takes place with the role of bringing inputs together. The most clear explaination belongs to Michael Ball about development process he defines this process as a function of social relations specific to time and place, involving a variety of key actors.
To understand development process, some models are ımproved. Equilibrum Models: Includes effective demand,Event-sequence Model: gives improtant to management of stages in process, Agency Models: Explains actors and their relationships in the process, Strucr-ture Models: Explains relation between capital labour and land, Institutional Models: Mentions about events and agencies.
In this article development process is handled with event-sequence model with the pipe-line model that consits of development pressure and prospects, development feasibility and implementation. All of these stages are examined interms of public sector and developer. In a development process there can be external influences and these cause pressure. At the satge of feasibility, it is tested under five ways such as ownership constraints, in this occasion being multiple ownership can cause requiring land assembly. The other way is physical conditions such as site’s physical capasity, location, density and all of these effect developers statement. Third way is public procedures. All pocedures should include planning and development consent. These regulations give direction to development. Market condition is fourth way that consider of trade of between risk and reward, besides todays demand and predicted demand for future. The last way is project viability which is the most important part for both public and private sector because of the balance between cost and profit of the project. Design effects the cost and at sometimes viability requires modification of design to increase the land uses likely to produce most revenue. Developers arrange two types of finance; short term finance to cover costs during the development process and long term finance to cover the cost of holding the completed development as an investment.
The final implementation stage includes construction and sale or letting. Between all these process the other most important factor is key actors and their relationship with eachother. Because different actors perform different roles in the development process. Actors can be differ according to being demand or supply side. While investors, occupies, public sector (regulation), adjacent landowners and general public are in demand side, landowners, funders, builder play at the other side. Approach to price, design issues and factors of motivation differs according to these actors. The relationship between these actors defines development quality. So, urban designer never alone at this process. Designer have to mediater between these actors( suppliers, producers and consumers) with his/her design needs.
To sum up, in a development process objectives and golas of actors ar different for urban design project and it reflects to design quality. While urban designer waiting results of project in a long terms land owners waiting an increase land values in short term because of profit. In contrast to higher architectural quality and better quality materials, better urban design may involve no additional costs for viability.
Gulnur Vuruskan
152002002
IMPLEMENTING URBAN DESIGN
IMPLEMENTING URBAN DESIGN
Development pressure and prospects: Some externalities such as economic growth, fiscal policies, the impact of long term social and demographic trends, technological developments create development pressure and prospects which trigger activity within pipeline. In this stage defining a site is important for actors landowners, developers and urban designer.
Development Feasibility: In this stage five ways are defined;
- ownership constraints: Land aavaibility is often restricted by planning, physical, valuation or ownership constraints. Ownership is important for starting the project because if the site is multiple ownership and then it can be required to land assemling.
- physical conditions: physical capasity, location, density are important to determine the site can accomadate proposed development.
- public procedures: All pocedures should include planning and development consent. The regulations are important in terms of cost or delaying of process.
- Market condition: It includes trade of between risk and reward under the occasion of todays demand and predicted demand for future.
- project viability: Project viability depends on cost of aproject and gaining profit in ashort term in terms of developer. Design of a project can be changed according to cost so an urban design project can not include additional costs in terms of viability.
Implementation: Construction and sale or letting activities can be accepted to be in this stage. If the developer retains the project for letting, then his/her role changes to that of an investor. Once implementation starts, developers lose their flexibility of action.
At the last the development roles and actors are defined as mentioned above in terms of supply and demand sides with their approach to price, design quality factors, objectives,goals. Different actors perform different roles in the development process. Actors can be differ according to being demand or supply side. Urban designer plays in the middle of this relationship. Because the design elements and design quality can be changed at the final viability stage because of additional cost. Supplier side plays for short terms and profit while expectations of urban designer and community is long term. As a conclusion besides high architectural quality, good urban design also minimizes additional costs.
Murat Çevikayak
152002001
5 Mayıs 2008 Pazartesi
THE TEMPORAL DIMENSION
THE TEMPORAL DIMENSION
The article concerns about temporal(time)dimension of urban design under the circumstances of impacts of time on places, changing occasions in cycles by progressive or irreversible ways.
According to Kevin Lynch, affect of time on space can be experienced by two ways: First one is; rhytmic repetition which refers to breathing/sleeping/walking/cycles of sun/moon/the seasons...Second one is; progressive and irreversible change which refers to growth and decay time and space are related to each other.
Three key aspects of temporal dimension of urban design are;
Time cycles and management of activities in space.
Continuity and stability.
Changing urban design projects and policies.
Time Cycles: Main time cycles are based on natural cycles(our bodily cycles). The use of urban space differs according to these cycles of day,night,seasons. At different times of the day,night, urban environment is perceived and used differently and also users differ according to changing time cycle.
Urban designer have to be aware of these cycles to supply usable,effective, lively urban environment. Otherwise the urban space starts to be abondaned. The main point is to compose 24 hours sociable environments.
The Time Management of Public Space: Mixed use creates more life and activity in alocation. So, different land uses can be different preferences for different time cycles. Place design can be differ according to users such as retired people,working people.Their aim of the use of a place differs according to their life style.
Urban designers need to understand activity patterns, how to encourage activities through different time periods and how to achieve synergies from activities happening in the space and time.
Street design can change according to time. As people visit an area to see what is going on, urban viality is further stimulate and the public realm becomes animated by having more people on the streets and in cafes.
Safety, viality, attractive activities, crowdness,congestion are the important points in deigning public realm and design for a broad range of social group is essential for a community. In city centers some time periods are dead. To prevent this, the concept of 24 hour lively design can be applied.
Under the term of “march of time” article mentioned about that time pass causes technological, social and cultural changes. These changes and spirit of time affect urban environment physically. And also, natural processes, forces, wars, revolutions cause irreversible change on urban spaces. For instance, there are some basic time period that are affcted by these changes such as in history, at 1940s and 50s after II post warr there was buldozer movement on slum areas under the name of slum clearence, when we came 1960s and 70s sustainable design and beginning of conservation and soft urban renewal occured. At 1980s conservation of historic environments, buildings started. These are effects of irreversible changes on urban space. Under the topic of conservation Desdall list more common justifications;
Value for aesthetic Value for architectural diversity and contrast.
Value for environmental Value for functional diversity
Resource Value Value for Continuity of cultural memory and heritage
Economic Value Commercial Value
In the process of conservation, conservation policies chage over time. Important point is urban designers need to understant how environments adapt to change in this process. It is importnt to distinguish what is fundamental to the sense of place and should remain, from what is less important and can change. The visual and physical continuity of valued places relates to issue of the obsolescence of buildings and environments.
In historic protection process although there are many types of interventions such as restoration,preservation, refurbishment, conservation etc., it can not prevent the obsolescence. Another essential point of time dimension is to aware of what stays the same and what changes over time. While street and plot patterns changes slowly, buildings and landuses changes rapidly because of the effect of robustness, resillence. These concepts have an fundamental role.
Resillence is the ability to resist change without deformation. It resists physical and structural obsolescence. Robustness is the ability to accomodate chande without significant change in physical form. It resists functional obsolescence.
Under all these interventions fundamental point is management. Decisions have potentially long lasting implications and effects. Furthermore, given the short termism of markets and market behaviour, urban designers must consider long term issues relating to sustainability to create an viable environment and to supply social cultural economical continuity of a community.
GULNUR VURUSKAN
152002002
The article concerns about temporal(time)dimension of urban design under the circumstances of impacts of time on places, changing occasions in cycles by progressive or irreversible ways.
According to Kevin Lynch, affect of time on space can be experienced by two ways: First one is; rhytmic repetition which refers to breathing/sleeping/walking/cycles of sun/moon/the seasons...Second one is; progressive and irreversible change which refers to growth and decay time and space are related to each other.
Three key aspects of temporal dimension of urban design are;
Time cycles and management of activities in space.
Continuity and stability.
Changing urban design projects and policies.
Time Cycles: Main time cycles are based on natural cycles(our bodily cycles). The use of urban space differs according to these cycles of day,night,seasons. At different times of the day,night, urban environment is perceived and used differently and also users differ according to changing time cycle.
Urban designer have to be aware of these cycles to supply usable,effective, lively urban environment. Otherwise the urban space starts to be abondaned. The main point is to compose 24 hours sociable environments.
The Time Management of Public Space: Mixed use creates more life and activity in alocation. So, different land uses can be different preferences for different time cycles. Place design can be differ according to users such as retired people,working people.Their aim of the use of a place differs according to their life style.
Urban designers need to understand activity patterns, how to encourage activities through different time periods and how to achieve synergies from activities happening in the space and time.
Street design can change according to time. As people visit an area to see what is going on, urban viality is further stimulate and the public realm becomes animated by having more people on the streets and in cafes.
Safety, viality, attractive activities, crowdness,congestion are the important points in deigning public realm and design for a broad range of social group is essential for a community. In city centers some time periods are dead. To prevent this, the concept of 24 hour lively design can be applied.
Under the term of “march of time” article mentioned about that time pass causes technological, social and cultural changes. These changes and spirit of time affect urban environment physically. And also, natural processes, forces, wars, revolutions cause irreversible change on urban spaces. For instance, there are some basic time period that are affcted by these changes such as in history, at 1940s and 50s after II post warr there was buldozer movement on slum areas under the name of slum clearence, when we came 1960s and 70s sustainable design and beginning of conservation and soft urban renewal occured. At 1980s conservation of historic environments, buildings started. These are effects of irreversible changes on urban space. Under the topic of conservation Desdall list more common justifications;
Value for aesthetic Value for architectural diversity and contrast.
Value for environmental Value for functional diversity
Resource Value Value for Continuity of cultural memory and heritage
Economic Value Commercial Value
In the process of conservation, conservation policies chage over time. Important point is urban designers need to understant how environments adapt to change in this process. It is importnt to distinguish what is fundamental to the sense of place and should remain, from what is less important and can change. The visual and physical continuity of valued places relates to issue of the obsolescence of buildings and environments.
In historic protection process although there are many types of interventions such as restoration,preservation, refurbishment, conservation etc., it can not prevent the obsolescence. Another essential point of time dimension is to aware of what stays the same and what changes over time. While street and plot patterns changes slowly, buildings and landuses changes rapidly because of the effect of robustness, resillence. These concepts have an fundamental role.
Resillence is the ability to resist change without deformation. It resists physical and structural obsolescence. Robustness is the ability to accomodate chande without significant change in physical form. It resists functional obsolescence.
Under all these interventions fundamental point is management. Decisions have potentially long lasting implications and effects. Furthermore, given the short termism of markets and market behaviour, urban designers must consider long term issues relating to sustainability to create an viable environment and to supply social cultural economical continuity of a community.
GULNUR VURUSKAN
152002002
THE MORPHOLOGICAL DIMENSION
THE MORPHOLOGICAL DIMENSION
The urban morphology which is study of the form and shape of settlements, is explained under Conzen’s(1960) four morphological elements as land uses, building structures, plot pattern and street pattern.
Unlike other key elements, land uses are temporary. By the time changing land uses can be affect the plot pattern and also street pattern. Especially in old settlements change in land uses effect the existing building patterns because of the need of adaptation and conversion.
Building structures can be mentioned under the defined urban spaces. For instance, while in traditional pattern of urban space, building structures composes definete streets and also squares, in modernist urban space pattern building structures transforms to be an object in the undefined space. At the time under this transformation from traditional to modern, surviving of building structure starts to be depend on their robustness which refers the ability of adaptation to new uses or changing according to new need of building structure. For example, a townhouse may successively be an upmarket single-family home, then offices, then student bedsits.
Increasing needs and by the affect of time plot pattern starts to be changing. For example after the small one or two storey buildings, the need of high rise super blocks cause subdividion of large plots or amalgamations. In this process amalgamation is more general than subdivision. On the other hand this process changes the boundaries and causes demosntration of buildings mostly than plots.
Cadastral pattern is the network that is created by the movements and the blocks. Here the term “palimsest” is the most important issue to concern, which the process of change can totaly be observed through the marks of the old and the existing structure. Another thing that should be concerned is the permability of the general system which defines the access, perception and the circulation issues of the spaces of the city.
Concept of the capital web is the broadest thought of the public network. The social character of the spaces and the physical movement spaces interact in same spaces in the city. So, usage,movement and perception notions are what urban designers need to be aware of.
From traditional understanding that defines the relationship between social and physical life in an urban form within the streetscape and building pattern, to the modernist thought that consists of the isolation of the blocks from the ground in relationshipwise. The meaning of the urban elements and social character tend to loose. In this modern process, pod developments offered many different land uses in a single world which can be conceived as a seperate world both physically and socially. This loosing character of the pedestrian understanding, social life and livable street pattern, and the dominating existance of the car, the mobility factor resulted by the modern age; causes a need for reorganization of the activites and functions in the city to achieve a definition which roots the main necessities and adapts to the modern processes.
Gülnur VURUSKAN
152002002
The urban morphology which is study of the form and shape of settlements, is explained under Conzen’s(1960) four morphological elements as land uses, building structures, plot pattern and street pattern.
Unlike other key elements, land uses are temporary. By the time changing land uses can be affect the plot pattern and also street pattern. Especially in old settlements change in land uses effect the existing building patterns because of the need of adaptation and conversion.
Building structures can be mentioned under the defined urban spaces. For instance, while in traditional pattern of urban space, building structures composes definete streets and also squares, in modernist urban space pattern building structures transforms to be an object in the undefined space. At the time under this transformation from traditional to modern, surviving of building structure starts to be depend on their robustness which refers the ability of adaptation to new uses or changing according to new need of building structure. For example, a townhouse may successively be an upmarket single-family home, then offices, then student bedsits.
Increasing needs and by the affect of time plot pattern starts to be changing. For example after the small one or two storey buildings, the need of high rise super blocks cause subdividion of large plots or amalgamations. In this process amalgamation is more general than subdivision. On the other hand this process changes the boundaries and causes demosntration of buildings mostly than plots.
Cadastral pattern is the network that is created by the movements and the blocks. Here the term “palimsest” is the most important issue to concern, which the process of change can totaly be observed through the marks of the old and the existing structure. Another thing that should be concerned is the permability of the general system which defines the access, perception and the circulation issues of the spaces of the city.
Concept of the capital web is the broadest thought of the public network. The social character of the spaces and the physical movement spaces interact in same spaces in the city. So, usage,movement and perception notions are what urban designers need to be aware of.
From traditional understanding that defines the relationship between social and physical life in an urban form within the streetscape and building pattern, to the modernist thought that consists of the isolation of the blocks from the ground in relationshipwise. The meaning of the urban elements and social character tend to loose. In this modern process, pod developments offered many different land uses in a single world which can be conceived as a seperate world both physically and socially. This loosing character of the pedestrian understanding, social life and livable street pattern, and the dominating existance of the car, the mobility factor resulted by the modern age; causes a need for reorganization of the activites and functions in the city to achieve a definition which roots the main necessities and adapts to the modern processes.
Gülnur VURUSKAN
152002002
The Temporal Dimension
The Temporal Dimension
The temporal dimension is unevitably the major fact of the design process. Since things changes in time, nothing left as it was thought at first. The environment is changing by seasons, day and nights, and we, as the living population on earth making rhythmical activities; wake, eat, work, sleep.
This rhythyms are the keys to the design process as an input to analyse the concentration of the uses related by the spaces.
The uses of the designed spaces must be importantly considered for that place to be used efficiently and safely by all individuals within all time and all conditions. The “soft” quality of the space should be provided for the activities, events and programmes, and also for the infrastructure and structure issues. The effect of time on physical environment, forces the designers to think about the future conditions, possibilities and the opportunities that should be aware of to develop effeiciency in design.
The elements that are used to define the effects of time on environment, are “resilience and robustness”. The former is the ability to resist change, while the latter is the ability to adapt the change. These elemets are highly used both to conserve a place or re –organize a place for a new use. The transformation of a housing block to a hospital or a streetscape that has been left in an urban center can be the examples for these concepts.
In conservation act, the structures and places are organied and protected. This is a way of resisting the change in time. The need of this act can be caused by many reasons but importantly, a place can resist change in time, not only with its physcial structure but also, the functions that it carried provided a continuity for it to stand in present time.
The designer’s role in an environment with independent force of time and physical structures, social relations; is to overact a design process that endures long time, adapt new uses or occasions with flexibility.
Murat Çevikayak
152002001
THE MORPHOLOGICAL DIMENSION
THE MORPHOLOGICAL DIMENSION
The morphology of the city is discussed the terms of space, configuration of urban form and layout pattern, which also be seperated in modernist and traditional, according to the creation of the places and buildings.
Urban designers, as they should be considering the patterns in local, will be analysing the land uses, structures, plot patterns and street patterns to create, develop, improve a creation within the inputs of existing.
Land use, which is oftenly a temporary character in the physical world, can be a definitive element in such conditions realized within relocation, redevelopment issues. Although adaptation or conversion of existing system is possible due to the change in the land use; demolition or plot amalgamation, redevelopment are also the consequences of the land use actions.
Building structures on the other hand, are more dominant in the urban environment. Since the traditional pattern to modern environment, the street and urban scape has merely changed except the spaces that has high robustness, which means they tend to adapt the upcoming conversion or change easily.
The most important elements of the urban environment are the plot pattern and the street pattern. The combination of these two creates the structure of the circulation and physical pattern of the city. The process of the change in the cities from these properties of plot and street forms, palimsest can be used to define this situation, where the new coming uses do not erase the marks of the existing use.
The important point when analysing an environment, with certain qualities is the permeability qualitiy. This defines the opportunuties that an environment, offers for its residents to read the city and acces the different points in different ways and make the city more vital.
In the modern environment, the settlement principles has changed radically. Different from the traditional thought, the buildings has been enlarged where the streetscape has lost its character between those bigger plots and free-standing structures. The super-block structures named as “pods” resulted with more isolated residents circulating between blocks. The mobility movement with the car invasion through the city life has also effected the loss of the street life in the cities.
The necessity of the streets for social and physical interact between individuals in the city to accomodate more healty environment, emerged new thought to develop a design concerning the necessities both of the individuals in modern time, and of the city for social and physical environment.
Murat Çevikayak
152002001
The morphology of the city is discussed the terms of space, configuration of urban form and layout pattern, which also be seperated in modernist and traditional, according to the creation of the places and buildings.
Urban designers, as they should be considering the patterns in local, will be analysing the land uses, structures, plot patterns and street patterns to create, develop, improve a creation within the inputs of existing.
Land use, which is oftenly a temporary character in the physical world, can be a definitive element in such conditions realized within relocation, redevelopment issues. Although adaptation or conversion of existing system is possible due to the change in the land use; demolition or plot amalgamation, redevelopment are also the consequences of the land use actions.
Building structures on the other hand, are more dominant in the urban environment. Since the traditional pattern to modern environment, the street and urban scape has merely changed except the spaces that has high robustness, which means they tend to adapt the upcoming conversion or change easily.
The most important elements of the urban environment are the plot pattern and the street pattern. The combination of these two creates the structure of the circulation and physical pattern of the city. The process of the change in the cities from these properties of plot and street forms, palimsest can be used to define this situation, where the new coming uses do not erase the marks of the existing use.
The important point when analysing an environment, with certain qualities is the permeability qualitiy. This defines the opportunuties that an environment, offers for its residents to read the city and acces the different points in different ways and make the city more vital.
In the modern environment, the settlement principles has changed radically. Different from the traditional thought, the buildings has been enlarged where the streetscape has lost its character between those bigger plots and free-standing structures. The super-block structures named as “pods” resulted with more isolated residents circulating between blocks. The mobility movement with the car invasion through the city life has also effected the loss of the street life in the cities.
The necessity of the streets for social and physical interact between individuals in the city to accomodate more healty environment, emerged new thought to develop a design concerning the necessities both of the individuals in modern time, and of the city for social and physical environment.
Murat Çevikayak
152002001
22 Nisan 2008 Salı
CONTEXTS FOR URBAN DESIGN
CONTEXTS FOR URBAN DESIGN
In this article types of conrexts and their effects are mentioned in terms of urban design. These contexts for urban design are local, global, market and regulatory.
The main point is all of these contexts can be changed over time but they are relatively fived and typically outside the scope of the urban designer. Important point is that they have to be accepted as givens. On the other hand, although designer has an affect on relationship or boundaries between context and dimensions interms of form and visual appearance, local, global context and effect of market stays constant.
¨ LOCAL CONTEXT
Urban design action involves public realm and development of project. Site is part of the context. All projects of urban design contribute with their own site and their local context. In urban design, place’s unique quality can be design resource and it can be delicated with context. Context can be directed urban desihn projects succesfully. Low wnvironmental quality has greater opportunity for creation of new character. All sites has historic, aesthetic, cultural and social qualities and thes can be compose local context.
By the time people preferences and choices, economy, uniqueness of site, unified character, quality,place matters and also globalisation and developing technology can affect local context. In some cases the effects of these can be damage the local context. The important points is to embedded to time and technology not to transform.
¨ GLOBAL CONTEXT
The pressures that mentioned above have both local and global dimensions and provide link between local and global contexts. Local actions have global impacts and consequences, while global actions have local impacts and consequances. Local and global contexts have dialectical relationship. In this article especially the effect of global warming, changing climate, insufficient resources and their effects on urban design are mentioned in terms of sustainable development. However the concept of sustainable development includes not only environmental, but also economic and social sustainability.Urban designers need to have regard to social impacts and long term economic viability, as well as environmental impacts. But the problem is the tendency to privalege short term urgent needs at the expense of long term important ones. Environmental concerns are always seens as someone else’s problem. Because of this long terms solutions or impacts are not be concerned.
¨ THE MARKET & REGULATORY CONTEXT
The last two contexts represents different sides of the same state-market coin.Market context depends on forces of supply and demand. On this economy (market economy) the role of private sector and state is important. Private sector searchs for provit and interested in short term rebacks. Economic viability is important for both private and state. In private sector, viability is concerned in terms of the balance between risk and reward, with reward seen primarily in terms of profit. In the public sector viability is concerned both in terms of value for public money and in terms of the broader objective of achieving and maintaining a healty economy. We can summarize this process as in an urban public makes places and their needs attraction and well design. Investors should supply well designed environment to gain desired profit. In considering market state relations, distinction must be made between mixed and market-led economies. As both are, in a strict sense, mixed economies, the distinction is between the state playing a more, or a less, significant and direct role in the management of the economy. In mixed economies the state generally has a more executive role with direct action public agencies. In market economy privatism became a dominat relaation between private and state. So urban design operates in a real worl and also urban designers is constrained and bounded by forces of market and regulatory that are beyond its control or influence.
Gulnur VURUSKAN
152002002
In this article types of conrexts and their effects are mentioned in terms of urban design. These contexts for urban design are local, global, market and regulatory.
The main point is all of these contexts can be changed over time but they are relatively fived and typically outside the scope of the urban designer. Important point is that they have to be accepted as givens. On the other hand, although designer has an affect on relationship or boundaries between context and dimensions interms of form and visual appearance, local, global context and effect of market stays constant.
¨ LOCAL CONTEXT
Urban design action involves public realm and development of project. Site is part of the context. All projects of urban design contribute with their own site and their local context. In urban design, place’s unique quality can be design resource and it can be delicated with context. Context can be directed urban desihn projects succesfully. Low wnvironmental quality has greater opportunity for creation of new character. All sites has historic, aesthetic, cultural and social qualities and thes can be compose local context.
By the time people preferences and choices, economy, uniqueness of site, unified character, quality,place matters and also globalisation and developing technology can affect local context. In some cases the effects of these can be damage the local context. The important points is to embedded to time and technology not to transform.
¨ GLOBAL CONTEXT
The pressures that mentioned above have both local and global dimensions and provide link between local and global contexts. Local actions have global impacts and consequences, while global actions have local impacts and consequances. Local and global contexts have dialectical relationship. In this article especially the effect of global warming, changing climate, insufficient resources and their effects on urban design are mentioned in terms of sustainable development. However the concept of sustainable development includes not only environmental, but also economic and social sustainability.Urban designers need to have regard to social impacts and long term economic viability, as well as environmental impacts. But the problem is the tendency to privalege short term urgent needs at the expense of long term important ones. Environmental concerns are always seens as someone else’s problem. Because of this long terms solutions or impacts are not be concerned.
¨ THE MARKET & REGULATORY CONTEXT
The last two contexts represents different sides of the same state-market coin.Market context depends on forces of supply and demand. On this economy (market economy) the role of private sector and state is important. Private sector searchs for provit and interested in short term rebacks. Economic viability is important for both private and state. In private sector, viability is concerned in terms of the balance between risk and reward, with reward seen primarily in terms of profit. In the public sector viability is concerned both in terms of value for public money and in terms of the broader objective of achieving and maintaining a healty economy. We can summarize this process as in an urban public makes places and their needs attraction and well design. Investors should supply well designed environment to gain desired profit. In considering market state relations, distinction must be made between mixed and market-led economies. As both are, in a strict sense, mixed economies, the distinction is between the state playing a more, or a less, significant and direct role in the management of the economy. In mixed economies the state generally has a more executive role with direct action public agencies. In market economy privatism became a dominat relaation between private and state. So urban design operates in a real worl and also urban designers is constrained and bounded by forces of market and regulatory that are beyond its control or influence.
Gulnur VURUSKAN
152002002
CONTENTS of URBAN DESIGN
CONTENTS of URBAN DESIGN
Baykan GÜNAY-“Urban Design is a Public Policy”-
Scale: The macraform of a city is planned or designed at the macro scale. While Turkish towns are oil drop and concentrated on built-up areas,western towns are shaped as radially along corridors as extending infrastructure and transportation.
In urban design scale term can be thought as three level:
¨ Macro Scale:decision making processes and development strategies.
¨ Meso Scale: consists of image character and functional criteria
¨ Small Scale:3D expression of desicions
Urban design has multi dimensional sequences of actions these are clints, process, time and desicions.
Space – Place Dualism in Urban Design: space place dualism is taken different in this article. It is observed in terms of architecture and planning.
Architecture; is terminology based and consits of space mass relations
Planning; consits of place community integrity.
Succesfull urban space quality can be defined by those whom live in, perceive or observe it and inhabited an action or an activity.
Physical structure- Activity Structure: Urban form is the result of activities, adapted spaces and flows. The activities and flows among them build up the physical strucrure (adapted spaces and circulation) of cities and part of cities. If an new activity system is generating in a new development site it can be said that form follows function. How ever if the new activity system is to reside in an existing zone, a tension can be caused between form and function, hard areas, new functions, built up areas and new development zones.
Built-up Areas – New Development Zones: Built up areas are multi owner while new development zones are single owner. In built up areas, historic preservation lobby and politics make complicated and costly of new activity system adaptation process. On the other hand, in new development zones ımplementation process is easy. Design references are nature in new development zones but because of having post modern architecture and defined design skills in built up areas there is reference jam. Living spaces are definite and designed acoording to concern of sun and greenery.
Urban design – Civic Design: Especiallly these terms are used to define same thing. Civiv design covers the ceremonial or institutional aspects of the public realm, whereas urban design covers the whole city.
Public versus Private Sphere: In this article public and private terms are examined under the property relations. In this respect the meaning of private is clear and it refers to individuals and private corporations and their dominations over things. The meaning of public on the other hand, is more difficult and it ca be refers to common, communal, collective, social. Public requires the xistence of a political authority to regulate the private.
Design in one Property – Design for Many Property: Property is a basic task of urban transformations. It cause a distinction between architecture and urban deisgn. Architecture is defined by the demands of the owner and designers approach. Urban design takes the responsibility of the creation of urban context, design strategies for future development, ownership patterns and aesthetical considerations. Ownership patterns can be handled as a design variable which can be resolved in design process. Unification, subdivision of land and transforming the body of ownership should be considered in design action.
Object Design – Process Design: urban is the organizational matter rather than an object to be designed. Urban design is the process that guides the evaluation of urban environment which deals with the actor, finance, restrictions, time, strategy issues, on the other hand architecture of urban can be defined as a set of buildings/objects whether in large scale or not confronted for one client and in one property.
Gülnur VURuSKAN
152002002
Baykan GÜNAY-“Urban Design is a Public Policy”-
Scale: The macraform of a city is planned or designed at the macro scale. While Turkish towns are oil drop and concentrated on built-up areas,western towns are shaped as radially along corridors as extending infrastructure and transportation.
In urban design scale term can be thought as three level:
¨ Macro Scale:decision making processes and development strategies.
¨ Meso Scale: consists of image character and functional criteria
¨ Small Scale:3D expression of desicions
Urban design has multi dimensional sequences of actions these are clints, process, time and desicions.
Space – Place Dualism in Urban Design: space place dualism is taken different in this article. It is observed in terms of architecture and planning.
Architecture; is terminology based and consits of space mass relations
Planning; consits of place community integrity.
Succesfull urban space quality can be defined by those whom live in, perceive or observe it and inhabited an action or an activity.
Physical structure- Activity Structure: Urban form is the result of activities, adapted spaces and flows. The activities and flows among them build up the physical strucrure (adapted spaces and circulation) of cities and part of cities. If an new activity system is generating in a new development site it can be said that form follows function. How ever if the new activity system is to reside in an existing zone, a tension can be caused between form and function, hard areas, new functions, built up areas and new development zones.
Built-up Areas – New Development Zones: Built up areas are multi owner while new development zones are single owner. In built up areas, historic preservation lobby and politics make complicated and costly of new activity system adaptation process. On the other hand, in new development zones ımplementation process is easy. Design references are nature in new development zones but because of having post modern architecture and defined design skills in built up areas there is reference jam. Living spaces are definite and designed acoording to concern of sun and greenery.
Urban design – Civic Design: Especiallly these terms are used to define same thing. Civiv design covers the ceremonial or institutional aspects of the public realm, whereas urban design covers the whole city.
Public versus Private Sphere: In this article public and private terms are examined under the property relations. In this respect the meaning of private is clear and it refers to individuals and private corporations and their dominations over things. The meaning of public on the other hand, is more difficult and it ca be refers to common, communal, collective, social. Public requires the xistence of a political authority to regulate the private.
Design in one Property – Design for Many Property: Property is a basic task of urban transformations. It cause a distinction between architecture and urban deisgn. Architecture is defined by the demands of the owner and designers approach. Urban design takes the responsibility of the creation of urban context, design strategies for future development, ownership patterns and aesthetical considerations. Ownership patterns can be handled as a design variable which can be resolved in design process. Unification, subdivision of land and transforming the body of ownership should be considered in design action.
Object Design – Process Design: urban is the organizational matter rather than an object to be designed. Urban design is the process that guides the evaluation of urban environment which deals with the actor, finance, restrictions, time, strategy issues, on the other hand architecture of urban can be defined as a set of buildings/objects whether in large scale or not confronted for one client and in one property.
Gülnur VURuSKAN
152002002
Contexts of Urban Design
CONTEXTS FOR URBAN DESIGN
The purpose of the article is to maintain base contexts that constrain and inform all areas of urban design. These are; local, global, market and regulatory contexts. The most important point is that context works together with time but at any particular moment they are fixed and are typically outside the scope of the urban designer.
One of the contextual topic that urban design is effected mostly is the local context. “ Places matter most” quote can summarize the importance of the local context, that explains the unique quality of the spaces established with the cultural, social and individual properties. The contextual response to a space, in an urban design process is so defined by the character of that space which can be low or high as so needs respectful action or progressive action to a new character. As Lang explains the places as levels of terrestrial, animate, social and cultural environments. They have their own effect on the space to be respected. In this sense social and cultural environments are the mental part of the space which is created by the terrestrial and animate environments.
Global context by the way, has the dominant role in the world’s order. The relation between the local and global, urgents the concerns about the action in the design processes which should be more thoughtful not only with the specific area the design is projected but, also respectful or concerning the surrounding environment. Sometimes the short-term necessities or desires may challenge to the long-term decisions that mostly matters more important properties and qualities. Sustainability here, is the important point that the design process should concern.
Market and regulatory contexts are the topics which the design process is mostly effected. They mostly work together. The controller character of the market and governmental occasions, limit the design process, so that the designer could not reverse this conditions backwards or lead them to the advantage of the process. The design process destiny is sometimes defined by the conditions. The location choice, the economical strategy, the future demand and the choice of the individuals are the elements which effect the design process destiny and also which are effected from the regulatory and market conditions as well. As the competitive market strategies define the systems that how will the places work, in terms of economic, and with relation socially. The design of urban places will be effected directly from social structure and indirectly from the economic benefits of the market
The public side aims developments to make better places, and long-term strategies to sustain improvements. However private sector desires the process of production, which effects the every step of their economical strategies.
Urban design here, stucks in between many externatlities which can not be controlled or effected by the designer. The responsibilities to social character and the effect from the public due to economic and market conditions is a chaotic process, which designers had to solve this schema within their place-making, space defining solutions.
Murat CEVİKAYAK
152002001
The purpose of the article is to maintain base contexts that constrain and inform all areas of urban design. These are; local, global, market and regulatory contexts. The most important point is that context works together with time but at any particular moment they are fixed and are typically outside the scope of the urban designer.
One of the contextual topic that urban design is effected mostly is the local context. “ Places matter most” quote can summarize the importance of the local context, that explains the unique quality of the spaces established with the cultural, social and individual properties. The contextual response to a space, in an urban design process is so defined by the character of that space which can be low or high as so needs respectful action or progressive action to a new character. As Lang explains the places as levels of terrestrial, animate, social and cultural environments. They have their own effect on the space to be respected. In this sense social and cultural environments are the mental part of the space which is created by the terrestrial and animate environments.
Global context by the way, has the dominant role in the world’s order. The relation between the local and global, urgents the concerns about the action in the design processes which should be more thoughtful not only with the specific area the design is projected but, also respectful or concerning the surrounding environment. Sometimes the short-term necessities or desires may challenge to the long-term decisions that mostly matters more important properties and qualities. Sustainability here, is the important point that the design process should concern.
Market and regulatory contexts are the topics which the design process is mostly effected. They mostly work together. The controller character of the market and governmental occasions, limit the design process, so that the designer could not reverse this conditions backwards or lead them to the advantage of the process. The design process destiny is sometimes defined by the conditions. The location choice, the economical strategy, the future demand and the choice of the individuals are the elements which effect the design process destiny and also which are effected from the regulatory and market conditions as well. As the competitive market strategies define the systems that how will the places work, in terms of economic, and with relation socially. The design of urban places will be effected directly from social structure and indirectly from the economic benefits of the market
The public side aims developments to make better places, and long-term strategies to sustain improvements. However private sector desires the process of production, which effects the every step of their economical strategies.
Urban design here, stucks in between many externatlities which can not be controlled or effected by the designer. The responsibilities to social character and the effect from the public due to economic and market conditions is a chaotic process, which designers had to solve this schema within their place-making, space defining solutions.
Murat CEVİKAYAK
152002001
Contents of Urban Design
CONTENTS of URBAN DESIGN
-“Urban Design is a Public Policy”- Baykan GÜNAY
In this article contents of urban design are mentioned under the sub titles as scale, space- place dualism, physical and activity structure, built up areas and new development zones, urban design –civic design, public versus private sphere, design in one property – design for many property and object design – process design.
Under the scale title, scales that urban design consits of are defined. These are macro scale that consits of desicion making process and development strategies. Meso scale that consists of image character and functional criteria and small scale that consits 3D aspects of desicions. Space place dualism is thought in terms of planning and architecture. According to this distinction while architecture is terminology based and consists of space mass relations, planning consists of community and place relation.
Under physical and activity structure, urban form is thought as an outcome of the bonds between activities, adapted spaces and flows –channels. The activities and flows among them build up the physical strucrure (adapted spaces and circulation) of cities and part of cities. On the other hand, the problems of designing a new activites system on a existing built up area and designing new developmet zone is examined. While this process is hard and complicated in a built up area because of historic presevation and politics, it is more easy to develop a new activity system in an new development zone.
Baykan Günay explains the terms of civic design and urban design that both of them can be used to define same thing. But the differnce is while urban design covers the whole city, civic design covers the ceremonial or institutional aspects of the public realm. Designing in a public or private sphere is different. He choose to define public and private terms under the analysis of property relations.In this respect the meaning of private is clear and it refers to individuals and private corporations and their dominations over things. The meaning of public on the other hand, is more difficult and it ca be refers to common, communal, collective, social. Public requires the existence of a political authority to regulate the private. After examing the design for new development zones or built up areas and defining public and private in terms of property. He mentioned about designing an activity on existing zone that have many property or new development zone taht have on property. Property is taken as a basic component of urban transformations.He thinks that the ownership pattern of both urban land and potential land open to urban growth, constitute one of the most significant challenges of urban design. Because while architecture is defined by the demands of the owner and designers approach, urban design takes the responsibility of the creation of urban context, design strategies for future development, ownership patterns and aesthetical considerations.
Under the last title object design and process design, it is pointed out that urban is visualized as an object in architecture. But urban design consits of process. Rapoport (1980) says that it is spatial organization rather than the objects which counted.
Contents of urban design field can be changed as how a designer defines it. In this article especially dualisms between public and private sphere in terms of scale, property and the area that design will be occured are mentioned.
Murat CEVİKAYAK
152002001
-“Urban Design is a Public Policy”- Baykan GÜNAY
In this article contents of urban design are mentioned under the sub titles as scale, space- place dualism, physical and activity structure, built up areas and new development zones, urban design –civic design, public versus private sphere, design in one property – design for many property and object design – process design.
Under the scale title, scales that urban design consits of are defined. These are macro scale that consits of desicion making process and development strategies. Meso scale that consists of image character and functional criteria and small scale that consits 3D aspects of desicions. Space place dualism is thought in terms of planning and architecture. According to this distinction while architecture is terminology based and consists of space mass relations, planning consists of community and place relation.
Under physical and activity structure, urban form is thought as an outcome of the bonds between activities, adapted spaces and flows –channels. The activities and flows among them build up the physical strucrure (adapted spaces and circulation) of cities and part of cities. On the other hand, the problems of designing a new activites system on a existing built up area and designing new developmet zone is examined. While this process is hard and complicated in a built up area because of historic presevation and politics, it is more easy to develop a new activity system in an new development zone.
Baykan Günay explains the terms of civic design and urban design that both of them can be used to define same thing. But the differnce is while urban design covers the whole city, civic design covers the ceremonial or institutional aspects of the public realm. Designing in a public or private sphere is different. He choose to define public and private terms under the analysis of property relations.In this respect the meaning of private is clear and it refers to individuals and private corporations and their dominations over things. The meaning of public on the other hand, is more difficult and it ca be refers to common, communal, collective, social. Public requires the existence of a political authority to regulate the private. After examing the design for new development zones or built up areas and defining public and private in terms of property. He mentioned about designing an activity on existing zone that have many property or new development zone taht have on property. Property is taken as a basic component of urban transformations.He thinks that the ownership pattern of both urban land and potential land open to urban growth, constitute one of the most significant challenges of urban design. Because while architecture is defined by the demands of the owner and designers approach, urban design takes the responsibility of the creation of urban context, design strategies for future development, ownership patterns and aesthetical considerations.
Under the last title object design and process design, it is pointed out that urban is visualized as an object in architecture. But urban design consits of process. Rapoport (1980) says that it is spatial organization rather than the objects which counted.
Contents of urban design field can be changed as how a designer defines it. In this article especially dualisms between public and private sphere in terms of scale, property and the area that design will be occured are mentioned.
Murat CEVİKAYAK
152002001
20 Nisan 2008 Pazar
7th week submission
Onur MENGI
UD 514 Spring’08 IYTE
7th Week Summary Submission
UD 514 Spring’08 IYTE
7th Week Summary Submission
Contents of Urban Design
This article written by Baykan Günay, presents contents of urban design or what an urban designer deals with within 8 contradictions, in some place comparing with urban planning and also architecture.
Scale; planning is general is defined as the description of processes generating a city, determination of alternative development strategies, making of decisions, implementation and also allocation of resources. On the other hand, design is the part of the process too, covering the necessary sequence of actions to put planning. Macro scale where image and character are developed at, further consolidate at the meso scale and becomes important inputs in the design of the environment besides functional criteria. In this connection, districts, center, green systems, development corridors, regeneration in built-up areas are all matters of urban design at the meso scale. Moreover, aesthetical, visual or symbolic values do not consider worth designing are all basic issues of urban design.
Space-Place Dualism; architecture biased preferred terminology based on space-mass relations, while planners approached it from the place-community integrity. A very simple definition of urban space concentrates on its physical three-dimensional quality, while place is described as a space inhabiting a function or an activity, or a setting which has meaning for those who live, observe or perceive it. According to the author Trancik, lost space is leftover, unstructed or a landscape, but as regards to Auge idetifies non-place with space of flows (M. Castells) ; traveller’s space, gated communities, theme parks, shopping malls.
Physical Structure-Activity Structure; urban form is an outcome of the bonds between activities-adapted spaces and flows-channels. The activities and flows among them, build up the physical structure of cities and parts of cities. In this relationship activity system is generating physical structure in a new development zone. In modern era; this refers to “form follows function”. But new activity in existing function causes tension emerging between form and function since activity is dynamic but physical structure is static and hard to change.
Built-up Areas-New Development Zones; design strategy aims at sun, space and greeny in development zones and slum clearence in built-up areas. When public policies turn their focus on built-up areas tax revenues which declines due to slum formations, urban ideologies starts to change and concepts like identity, place, space and association are introduced. Besides, new development zones are soft spaces while built-up areas are hard spaces.
Urban Design-Civic Design; civic design covers the ceremonial or institutional aspects of the public realm, whereas urban design covers the whole city. Early in the 20th century in United State, civic design is living its golden age within City Beautiful Movement. Today we are discussing the design problems of all parts of the city to include production areas, transition zones so policies, methods, groups involved, finance and maintenance will differ and alternative contents will evolve when there is a determined state power acting in the urban area, or more modest control of the city and its prts by public bodies.
Public Versus-Private Sphere; according to author, in many cases the word public is incorrectly used since a mystical is attributed to the concept. When they analysed as a part of property relation they become more meaningful. Private is more clear. It refers to individuals and private corporations and their domination over things. On the other hand, meaning of public is more diffucult to define; common, commonual, public, collective, social have often been used to refer to the different types of domination of the non-private sphere. It is believed that urban design is a public policy which requires special attention to study this vast topic.
Design in One Property- Design For Many Property; this subject indicates the problem of land subdivison. This is one of the more critical planning decisio. Once established, the pattern essentially remains forever andcan only be changed at great cost, effort nad political will. While architetural products are shaped towards demands of owners or clients and design approach, urban planning is surrounded with land subdivisons sometimes transcend architectural or easthetical considerations. Patterns of ownership effect both the process of space production and form of the city.
Object Design-Process Design; amongst many author, there is a contradiction between object design and process design. According to Brown, when one is confronted with client in one property or set of a object, this is architectural design. But one is dealing with multitude of actors, their preferences, restricted financial sources, indefinite tima, then urban designer has to instently stay in the process to continuously guide the evolution of the urban environment.
5 Nisan 2008 Cumartesi
CITYSHAPE
CITYSHAPE
Communicating and evaluating community design
Sherwin Grene gives a framework or taxonomy for community planners and designers to help citizens understamd and evaluate community designs. This taxonomy contains clear words for citizens, basic human needs and a broad range of concets from litherature and practice of urban design, pllanning and building arts. This method elicits creative community response and to make easy more informed discussions.
İn spite of the various research in the field, sorely lacking is understandable and coherence terminology in a framework that both designers and citizens can use the communicate ideas about community design.An understandable therminolgy would encourge public participation in the design process and promote more productive dialogue between designers and designed-for community.
Designers and planners still have problems, however, dealing with evaluations of the quality of community design. Too often prefossional evaluations of designs are nothing more than subjective reactions based on sophisticated. Against the subjective reactions, Grene explains framework with four basic principles of community design such as function, order, identity and appeal.And except these principles, taxanomy includes four each qualities and some guides.
Community design emphasizes that people percieve their surroundings in three dimensons, overtime, and mainly from the perspective of the pedestrian.And it is an interdisiplinary process that draws upon and responds to a complex interplay of physical, social, economic, and political foces.Taxanomy includes important criterias:
-to compass broad design consderations
-to avoid jargon
-to creat versatile format
The framework of taxonomy is composed of elements.First of all is the environment and user and describes this with three elements such as mass, paths and spaces.Another one is aesthetic considerations that defines community design a visual experiance. Third element is principles of community that has four principles:
Function requires that the design work effectively fort he convenience and comfort of all its users.
Order assures that users can became oriented to the enviroment and understand it.
İdentity donets a visiual image of the enviroment that reflects special or unique quality.
Appeal characterizes a design that gives pleasure to its users overtime.
Evaluateion guide draws out qualitative responses about well a design responds to the principles.And it includes evaluators to decide on the relevance of a wide variety of community design considerations and to organize their responses.
Evaluation guide consists of four notes such as data, firs impressions, detailed project evaluation and project relation to context. Part of first impressions icludes principles and evoluator must note this quickly. the third part includes principles and relatives them with 16 elements. The last part requires two evaluations that are response tonatural environment and compatibility with built enviroment . A five-point rating scale allows for comparisons between participants observations in the assessment process.The five point check off rating system allows the various evaluations to be easily organized and compared.
Community design must translate utility into art and simultaneously respond to both public and private interests while enduring political, economic and administrative challenges.
İn this paper taxanomy presented attempts to resolve confusions. And generates clearly defined and focused dialogues about community design.
Communicating and evaluating community design
Sherwin Grene gives a framework or taxonomy for community planners and designers to help citizens understamd and evaluate community designs. This taxonomy contains clear words for citizens, basic human needs and a broad range of concets from litherature and practice of urban design, pllanning and building arts. This method elicits creative community response and to make easy more informed discussions.
İn spite of the various research in the field, sorely lacking is understandable and coherence terminology in a framework that both designers and citizens can use the communicate ideas about community design.An understandable therminolgy would encourge public participation in the design process and promote more productive dialogue between designers and designed-for community.
Designers and planners still have problems, however, dealing with evaluations of the quality of community design. Too often prefossional evaluations of designs are nothing more than subjective reactions based on sophisticated. Against the subjective reactions, Grene explains framework with four basic principles of community design such as function, order, identity and appeal.And except these principles, taxanomy includes four each qualities and some guides.
Community design emphasizes that people percieve their surroundings in three dimensons, overtime, and mainly from the perspective of the pedestrian.And it is an interdisiplinary process that draws upon and responds to a complex interplay of physical, social, economic, and political foces.Taxanomy includes important criterias:
-to compass broad design consderations
-to avoid jargon
-to creat versatile format
The framework of taxonomy is composed of elements.First of all is the environment and user and describes this with three elements such as mass, paths and spaces.Another one is aesthetic considerations that defines community design a visual experiance. Third element is principles of community that has four principles:
Function requires that the design work effectively fort he convenience and comfort of all its users.
Order assures that users can became oriented to the enviroment and understand it.
İdentity donets a visiual image of the enviroment that reflects special or unique quality.
Appeal characterizes a design that gives pleasure to its users overtime.
Evaluateion guide draws out qualitative responses about well a design responds to the principles.And it includes evaluators to decide on the relevance of a wide variety of community design considerations and to organize their responses.
Evaluation guide consists of four notes such as data, firs impressions, detailed project evaluation and project relation to context. Part of first impressions icludes principles and evoluator must note this quickly. the third part includes principles and relatives them with 16 elements. The last part requires two evaluations that are response tonatural environment and compatibility with built enviroment . A five-point rating scale allows for comparisons between participants observations in the assessment process.The five point check off rating system allows the various evaluations to be easily organized and compared.
Community design must translate utility into art and simultaneously respond to both public and private interests while enduring political, economic and administrative challenges.
İn this paper taxanomy presented attempts to resolve confusions. And generates clearly defined and focused dialogues about community design.
31 Mart 2008 Pazartesi
Cityshape: communicating and evaluating community design
UD 514 5th week Submission
Murat Cevikayak
152002001
To help counteract the view that community design decisions are merely expressions of subjective opinion, this paper presents a framework or taxonomy for community planners and designers to use to help citizens understand an evaluate community designs. Utilizing commonly understood words, the taxonomy is grounded in research on basic human needs and on a broad range of concepts from the literature and practice of urban design, urban planning, the building arts, and the visual arts. This article includes an evaluation guide, which provides a coherent, versatile framework for analyzing community design issues. This guide is intended as a diagnostic tool to elicit creative community response and to facilitate more informed discussions.
Although community or urban design plays an essential role in guiding development and enhancing the quality of our built environment, this social art has only recently emerged as a distinct discipline, and definitions of its specific substance, role, and language are still evolving. Opinions differ considerably among both professionals and academics not only about the field's component elements, but also about its relationship to urban planning and the building arts - architecture, landscape architecture, and engineering.
Some assume shortsightedly that community design is nothing more than the arrangement (or rearrangement) of various architectural forms to suit land use regulations. Others focus more insightfully on decoding the interplay among complementary and competing environmental and social forces. Because of involving many different voices speaking in seemingly different languages about complex, dynamic process of community design, Greene presented the taxanomy to resolve the confusion. He describes four basic principles: function, order, identity and appeal.
- Function requires that the design work effectively for the convenience and comfort of all its users
- Order assures that users can become oriented to the environment and understand it.
- Identity denotes a visual image of the environment that reflects special or unique qualities.
- Appeal characterizes a design that gives pleasure to its users over time.
By using these principles Greene describes community design evaluation guide for proposals or site evaluation. Evaluation guide relates the principles, qualities and guidelines of community design to elements of environment. By five point check-off rating system scheme allows the various evaluations to be easily organized and compared.
To sum up, Sherwin Greene makes a transparent, value free taxanomy in terms of understandable by everyone. By describing the evaluation guide, he makes a method of evaluating ideas that often difficult to verbalize. Although he never avoids the parts of subjectivity in this process, he tries to get a general language for citizens and all dicipleners to understand the community design. The process of community design is interdiciplinary and includes citizens because of these seperated parts he gives importance to general communication ehile evaluating the projects to help for easy perception.
5th week Submission
CITYSHAPE – Communicating and Evaluating Community Design
Sherwin Greene
The article presents a framework or taxanomy for community planners and designers to use to help citizens understand and evaluate community dessigns ( author prefers using this term because it conveys a less restrictive sense of geographic scale than the term “urban design”). The taxanomy is more than a theoretical exercise, it is designed as a tool for planning practitioners and their constituencies to apply to design problems in their communities.
For designing a framework for communicating and evaluating community design issues, Grene describes four basic principles: function, order, identity and appeal. These principles, Greene suggests are a synthesis of multiple source and represent attributes that are significant enough to have universal application to all environments. First of all he describes elements of the environment under two groups natural and built as masses, spaces and paths. Then he defines aesthetic requirements according to users needs in terms of physical, psychology and sociology. Because Greene describes community design as a visual experience. While he describing these principles of community design, he also defines taxanomy that defines these principles along with explanatory qualities and guidelines.
• Function is the ability of an environment to satisfy the needs of all its users.
• Order means the clarity of the environment from the users viewpoint
• Identity is the ability of the environment to connote special visual images
• Appeal is the ability of the environment to offer pleasure to its users.
To supply easy perception in terms of citizens he firtly defines community design then communication and at the end evaluation. The community design evaluation guide can be used to evaluate proposals or to make assestments of existing developments. Participants in this assessment can include both professionals and nonprofessionals. Repeated assessments of existing environments, both at night and during the day, can evoke different reactions that are useful starting points for discussion. A five-point rating scale allows for comparisons between participants observations in the assessment process. The five point check off rating system allows the various evaluations to be easily organized and compared. Evaluators first note basic data about project and then record their first imprssions. The next step is to generate a carefully considered rating of the project in terms of each of the four community design principles.
As a conclusion, Greene tries to make a universal language about community design by presenting community design principles. Because complex, dynamic process of community design involves many different voices speaking in seemingly different languages. The taxanomy presented here attempts to resolve the confusion.
Gülnur Vuruskan
152002002
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